NEET BIOLOGY UNIT14
PLANT KINGDOM
All the multicellular eukaryotic plants are placed in Kingdom-Plantae.They are autotrophic i.e. they manufacture their food by photosynthesis.
ALGAE
Term "Algae" was given by Linnaeus.
Phycology - Study of algae.
Father of Phycology - Fristch
Book "Structure & Reproduction of algae"
Father of Indian phycology - M.O.P. Iyengar
NATURE
(1) Algae are found in both fresh and marine water.
(2) Algae are found in many forms like filamentous, colonial.
(3) Algae are surrounded by mucilagenous sheath and below the sheath cell wall is present which is made up of cellulose and pectin but mainly made up of cellulose, galactans, mannans and mineral like calcium carbonate.
(4) On the basis of structure, algae are thalloid i.e. plant body is not differentiated into root, stem and leaves. Tissue system is also absent in algae.
(5) On the basis of nutrition, algae are photoautotrophic. They have chloroplast in which photosynthetic pigments are present. Classification of algae is mainly based on pigments. Chl-a and carotene are universal pigment of algae.
REPRODUCTION
(1) Vegetative (2) Asexual (3) Sexual
Vegetative reproduction :
(i) Binary fission - Cell is divided into two parts and nucleus is also divided into two parts by mitosis.
eg. Found only in unicellular algae
(ii) Fragmentation - Filaments break down into small pieces & form new filaments.
eg. All filamentous algae
Asexual reproduction : It is a method of protection in all unfavourable conditions.
Sexual reproduction :
(i) Male sex organ is called antheridium and female is called oogonium. The sex organs of algae are unicellular & jacketless. But exceptionally sex organs of green algae Chara (Chara - green algae - known as stone wort) are multicellular and Jacketed. The male sex organ of Chara is known as globule and female is known as nucule.
(ii) Plant body of algae is haploid so sexual reproduction take place through zygotic meiosis. So their life cycle is haplontic.But exceptionally brown algae are diploid so that sexual reproduction takes place through gametic meiosis in them. So their life cycle is diplo haplontic .
(iii) Algae reproduce by zygotic meiosis i.e. first division in zygote is meiosis so embryo is not formed. Sexual reproduction is of three types
Check Point :
(1) Chlamydomonas exhibits complete evolution of sexual reproduction.
(2) Ulothrix exhibits origin of sexual reproduction
The classification of algae is mainly based on the photosynthetic pigments. In addition to this, cell wall composition and stored food are also the base of classification.
Algae is divided into following divisions
(1) Chlorophyta - Green Algae
(2) Phaeophyta - Brown Algae
(3) Xanthophyta - Yellow - Green Algae
(4) Rhodophyta - Red Algae
CHOLOROPHYTA GREEN ALGAE
Green algae are the most advanced algae. It is believed that green algae are the ancestors of the higher plants.
Habitat : Green algae are cosmopolitan in nature.
Different forms of Green algae (Structure) :
Green algae are found in many forms
(1) Unicellular :-
(i) Chlamydomonas - Motile unicellular algae. This algae moves with the help of flagella.
(ii) Chlorella - Non motile unicellular alga.
Calvin discovered "Calvin Cycle" by experimenting on Chlorella.
(iii) Acetabularia - Umbrella plant - It is the largest unicellular plant. The diameter of its cell is 10 cm.
Hammerling experimented on Acetabularia.
(2) Coenocytic - Some green algae are coenocytic i.e. multinucleated.
eg. Caulerpa
Check Point : According to five kingdom system the algae described above should be placed in Protista but
exceptionally due to their life cycle is similar to green algae. they are placed in Plantae. But now modern scientist
place above algae in protista.
(3) Colonial - Some green algae are found in colonies. They form colony of cells. The number of cells in a colony is fixed.
Colony with fixed number of cells called coenobium.
eg. Volvox - Motile colony
Hydrodictyon - Non motile colony (called as water net)
(4) Multicellular filamentous - Mostly algae are multicellular filamentous.
eg. Ulothrix - ( pond wool), Spirogyra - (pond silk)
Check Point : some green algae are heterotrichous i.e. two types of branches prostrate and errect - Fritschiella,
Stigeoclonium, Coleochaete (Fritschiella tuberosa has approach to the early land plants).
(5) Multicellular thalloid or Parenchymatous - Some algae are multicellular in length & width.
eg. Ulva - it is also known as sea lettuce.
BIOLOGY FOR NEET & AIIMS
The term "Bryophyta" was proposed by "Robert Braun".
The study of Bryophytes is known as Bryology.
Hedwig is considered to be the father of Bryology. But according to some scientist it is believed that
Cavers is the father of Bryology.
Father of Indian Bryology is Prof. Shiv Ram Kashyap.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS :
1. Bryophytes are the first land plant. It is believed that, they originated from aquatic plant and they come on land
through water. Because some bryophytes have characters similar to aquatic plants (eg. presence of air canal)
2. Bryophytes are not considered as the successful land plants because vascular tissue is absent and they need water
for fertilization. Due to the absence of vascular tissue bryophytes cannot grow very tall. The process of water
conduction in bryophytes takes place with the help of parenchyma. Parenchyma is a living tissue.
3. Bryophytes are known as amphibians of the plant kingdom, because they need water to complete their life cycle.
Mostly bryophytes are found on land.
4. Bryophytes are sciophytes, i.e. bryophytes prefer to grow in moist (wet) and shady places.
5. Roots are absent in bryophytes. Stem and leaves of bryophytes are functionally similar to the stem and leaves of
higher plants.
Life cycle of Bryophytes :
1. The plant in bryophyte is gametophyte. It is haploid.
2. Sex organs are formed on gametophyte. Sex organs are multicellular and jacketed in bryophytes. Male sex
organs are called as antheridium and female sex organs are called as archegonium.
3. The male gametes of bryophytes are motile. These motile male gametes are called as antherozoids. Antherozoids are
comma shaped and biflagellate. Female gamete is called egg.
Term pteridophyta was proposed by Haeckel
The study of pteridophytes is known as pteridology.
Pteridophytes are known as reptiles of plant kingdom.
1. Pteridophytes are also called as vascular cryptogames. Pteridophytes are vascular plants i.e. xylem and phloem
are present in it. In pteridophytes, vessels in xylem and companion cells in phloem are absent.
But exceptionaly xylem of Pteridium, Selaginella and Marsilea contains false vessels. These false vessels, are
formed by the modification of tracheids, so false vessels are tracheids.
Type of vascular bundle - Concentric, Amphicribal, mesarch condition and closed.
Note :- Secondary growth is absent (due to absence of cambium) in pteridophytes but exceptionally secondary
growth is present in stem of Isoetes.
2. Pteridophytes are called as the first successful terrestrial plants i.e. they are more adapted terrestrial plants as
compared to bryophytes. It is because vascular tissue is present in pteridophyta and they have roots.
3. Pteridophytes are not completely successful terrestrial plants because they need water for fertilization, so
pteridophytes grow in shady and moist places.
4. In pteridophyta, the plant body is completely differentiated in to root, stem and leaves hence their body is called
as cormophyte.
The primary root remains alive for short period. After some time it is replaced by adventitious roots.
Stem is erect or prostrate. In some pteridophytes stem is underground, which is known as rhizome.
On the basis of leaves, pteridophytes are of two types -
First in which stem is smaller while leaves are larger. They are known as macrophyllous Pteridophytes.
eg. Pteridium, Pteris, Marsilea
Second, in which stem is larger and leaves are smaller. They are called as microphyllous Pteridophytes.
eg. Equisetum, Lycopodium, Selaginella
Note : Differentitation in plant body starts from bryophytes.
LIFE CYCLE OF PTERIDOPHYTES
1. Plant is sporophyte. i.e. diploid.
Most of the pteriophytes are homosporus i.e. only one type of spores are formed during reproduction.
eg. Lycopodium, Pteridium, Equisetum, Dryopteris
Exception - Some pteridophytes are heterosporus i.e. two types of spores microspores and megaspores.
eg. Selaginella, Isoetes, Marsilea, Salvinia, Azolla, Stylites, Pillularia, Regellidium
eg. of Ferns :
Pteridium
Pteris
They are called "Braken fern" or "Sun fern"
Dryopteris
Dryopteris - Also called as Brook shield fern'
Adiantum - Walking fern or Maiden hair fern
This name is given to them due to rapid vegetative reproduction. Vegetative reproduction in Adiantum takes
place by means of leaf tip. It spreads very fast.
Osmunda - Royal fern or flowering fern
Ophioglossum - Adder's tongue fern
Marsilea - Pepper wort fern
Azolla - Aquatic fern (Smallest pteridophyte and biofertilizer)
Onychium - Golden fern
Cyathea - Lofty tree fern
Alsophila - Tree fern (Largest pteridophyte)
Chielanthus - Silver fern
Botrychium - Moon wort fern
(1) Selaginella - Vivipary is present in it i.e. partial endosporic germination. Seed habit was originated in Selaginella
like pteridophytes.
Ligulate leaves (tongue shaped) are present in it
Function - Ligule is secretory structure, which secretes water and keeps the sporangium and the young leaf
moist.
(2) In some pteridophytes sporangia are not formed on lower surface of sporophylls -
In some pteridophytes sporangia are formed at the axil of leaf.
eg. Selaginella
In some pteridophytes sporangia are formed in spike.
eg. Ophioglossum
In some pteridophytes sporangia are formed in sporocarp.
eg. Marsilea, Azolla
Habitat of some important pteridophytes - Most of the pteridophytes are found in moist soil and shady places.
(1) Aquatic - Some pteridophytes are found in water.
eg. Marsilea, Salvinia, Azolla, Isoetes
(2) Epiphytes - Some pteridophytes grow on other plants.
eg. Lycopodium phlegmeria , Ophioglossum pendulum , Pleopeltis
(3) Xerophytes - Some pteridophytes are found in deserts.
eg. Selaginella rupestris, Selaginella bryopteris
Selaginella lepidophylla
BIOLOGY FOR NEET & AIIMS
1. Term Gymnosperm was given by Theophrastus.
2. Study of Gymnosperm known as Gymnospermology.
3. Gymnosperm & Angiosperm are collectively included under spermatophyta i.e. seed bearing plants.
4. Gymnosperms are naked seeded plant i.e. no fruit formation takes place in these plant.
i.e. in gymnosperm embryo & seed formation takes place but no fruit formation occur.
5. Gymnosperms are very limited in distribution. They are mainly found in cold regions.In India Gymnosperms are
found on Himaliyan mountains. They occur on slopes of mountain in cold region therefore gymnosperms are
xerophyte.
6. All gymnosperm are vascular plants. Therefore vascular tissue present i.e. xylem & phloem. Xylem lack vessels &
phloem lacks companion cells.
Note :
Exceptionally in xylem of Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia true vessels are present.
In gymnosperms vascular bundle is Conjoint-Collateral-Endarch-Open.
In the vascular bundle cambium is present therefore secondary growth takes place in gymnosperms, so
that Gymnosperms are woody plants.
7. Most of the gymnosperms are arborescent (woody and tree habit) - but some are present as shrub.
eg. Ephedra
Some Gymnosperm are liana or woody climbers.
eg. Gnetum ula
LIFE CYCLE OF GYMNOSPERM
1. In Gymnosperms main plant body is sporophyte (diploid). All Gymnosperm are dioecious. i.e. male & female plants
are separate, but exceptionally Pinus is monoecious.
2. All Gymnosperms are heterosporus. At the time of reproduction two types of spores are formed.
Microspores form– Male gametophyte
Megaspores form– Female gametophyte
3. These two types of spores are formed in different sporangia.
Microspores are formed in Microsporangia. Microsporangia are also termed as pollen sac.
Megaspores are formed in Megasporangia. Megasporangia are also termed as ovule.
4. Both type of sporangia are formed on different sporophylls.
Microsporangia are formed on Microsporophyll. It is known as stamen.
Megasporangia are formed on Megasporophylls. It is known as carpel.
5. Both types of sporophylls are found in groups & form male cone (strobilus) & female cone.
Gymnosperm's cone are just like flower or inflorescence of angiosperm.
Carpels of Angiosperm & Gymnosperm are different to each other.
BIOLOGY FOR NEET & AIIMS
Kingdom plantae includes all aukaryotic cholorophyllous autuotrophic irgansims. A few members
The gametes of these algae are pyriform (pear shaped) and bear two laterally attached flagella.
Common members of phaeophyceae are - Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Laminaria, Sargassum & Fucus.
1. RHODOPHYCEAE (Red algae)
Majority of red algae are found in marine water with greater concentrations in warmer areas.
The reserve food in red algae is floridean starch which is very similar to amylopectin and glycogen.
Sexual reproduction in red algae is Oogamous and accompanied by complex post fertilisation developments.
Examples of red algae are Polysiphonia, Porphyra, Gracillaria, Gelidium.
2. BRYOPHYTA
Bryophytes lack true roots, stem or leaves. They may possess root like, stem like or leaf like structures.
Main body of bryophytes is made of haploids cells and it produces gametes hence is called as gametophyte.
Sporophyte in them is not free living, but attached to the photosynthetic gametophyte and derives nourishment
from it.
Sphagnum provides peat that have long been used as fuel and also wsed as packing material for trans-shipment of
living material because of its high water holding capacity.
Mosses along with lichens are the first organisms to colonies rocks and hence are of great ecological importance.
Mosses form dense mats on the soil, they reduce the impact of falling rain and prevent soil erosion. LIVER WORTS
The plant body of liver wort is thalloid and the thallus is dorsiventral and closely appressed to the substratum.
The leafy members of liverworts have tiny leaf like appendages in two rows on the stem like structures.
Asexual reproduction in liverworts takes place by fragmentation of thalli or by the formation of specialised structures
called gemmae (gemma-singular). Gemmae are green multicellular, asexual buds, which develop in small receptacles
called gemma cups.
The sporphyte is differentiated into a Foot, Seta and Capsule (Marchantia). After meiosis spores are produced
within the capsule.“MOSS
The gametophyte body of moss is made up of two stages.
(i) Protonema - first stage produced from spore.
(ii) Leafy stage - The second stage produced from buds of protonema.
Vegetative reproduction in mosses is by fragmentation and budding in the secondary protonema.
Common example of mosses are Funaria, Polytrichum and Sphagnum.
3. PTERIDOPHYTA
In pteridophytes the main plant body is sporophyte which is differentiated into root, stem & leaves. They have well
differentiated vascular tissues.
The leaves in pteridophyta are small (microphylls) as in Selaginella or large (macrophylls) as in ferns.
Only few genera of pteridophytes show heterospory; they produce two types of spores, Macrospores (large) and
Microspores (small).
In heterosporous pteridophytes the female gametophytes are retained on the parent sporophyte for variable period.
The development of zygote into young embryo takes place within the female gametophytes. This is precursor to the
seed habit, considered as an important step in evolution.
4. GYMNOSPERMS
In gymnosperms ovules are not enclosed in ovary walls and remain exposed both before and after fertilisation, so
they produce naked seeds.
Gymnosperms are medium sized trees or tall trees and shrubs .
The giant redwood tree Sequoia is one of the tallest tree species .
In gymnospemrs the stem may be unbranched (Cycas) or branched (Pinus, Cedrus)
The leaves may be simple or pinnately compound.
The leaves in gymnosperms are well adapted to withstand extremes of temperature, humidity and wind. In conifers,
BIOLOGY FOR NEET & AIIMS
Ex.1 Fusion of two motile gametes which are dissimilar in
size is termed as
(A) oogamy (B) isogamy
(C) anisogamy (D) zoogamy.
Sol. (C) : Anisogamy is fusion of two motile gametes
dissimilar in size. it is observed in some species of
Chlamydomonas. Oogamy is also fusion of two dissimilar
sized gametes in which female gamete is larger
but non- motile.
Ex.2 Cyanobacteria are classified under
(A) Protista (B) Plantae
(C) Monera (D) Algae.
Sol. (C) : Cyanobacteria are classifled under Kingdom
Monera as they are prokaryotes. They are generally
photosynthetic in nature and contain pigments,
chlorophyll a, and carotenoids, etc. Nostoc and
Oscillatoria are examples of this category.
Ex.3 lf the diploid number of a flowering plant is 36, what
would be the chromosome number in its endosperm?
(A) 36 (B) 18
(C) 54 (D) 72
Sol. (C): Endosperm of flowering plants is a triploid structure.
As 2n = 36, then n = 18, therefore 3n = 54.
Ex.4 A plant shows thallus level of organisation. It shows
rhizoids and is haploid. It needs water to complete
its life cycle because the male gametes are motile. It
may belong to
(A) pteridophytes (B) gymnosperms
(C) monocots (D) bryophytes.
Sol. (D) : Bryophytes are non-vascularterrestrial plants
of moist habitat in which a multicellular diploid
sporophyte lives as a parasite on an independent
multicellular haploid gametophyte that develops
multi-cellular jacketed sex organs. True roots are
absent, instead rhizoids occur, which may be unicellular
or multicellular. An external layer of water is
essential for the swimming of male gametes to the
archegonia.
Ex.5 Plants of this group are diploid and well adapted to
extreme conditions. They grow bearing sporophylls
in compact structures called cones. The group in
reference is
(A) monocots (B) dicots
(C) pteridophytes (D) gymnosperms.
Sol. (D) : Gymnosperms are those seed plants in which
the seeds remain exposed over the surface of the
megasporophylls because the latter are not folded
to form pistils. Flowers are absent. Two types of
sporophylls, microsporophylls and megasporophylls
are usually aggregated to form distinct cones
or strobili, pollen cones (male cones) and seed cones
(female cones) respectively.
Ex.6 The embryo sac of an angiosperm is made up of
(A) 8 cells (B) 7 cells and 8 nuclei
(C) 8 nuclei (D) 7 cells and 7 nuclei.
Sol. (B) : Female gametophyte or embryo sac of angiosperms
develops upto 8-nucleate, 7-celled state
prior to fertilisation. There is a three celled apparatus
(one egg cell or oosphere and two synergids),
three antipodal cells and two polar nuclei. The two
polar nuclei fuse to form a diploid secondary nucleus.
Ex.7 Protonema is
(A) haploid and is found in mosses
(B) diploid and is found in liverworts
(C) diploid and is found in pteridophytes
(D) haploid and is found in pteridophytes.
Sol. (A): The predominant stage in the life cycle of a
moss (bryophyte) is the gametophyte which consists
of two stages. The first stage is the protonema
stage, which develops directly from a spore. It is a
creeping, green, branched and frequently filamentous
stage. The second stage is the leafy stage,
which develops from the secondary protonema as a
lateral bud. It consists of upright, slender axes bearing
spirally arranged leaves attached to the soil
through multicellular and branched rhizoids. This
stage bears the sex organs.
Ex.8 Holdfast. stipe and frond constitute the plant body
in case of
(A) Rhodophyceae (B) Chlorophyceae
(C) Phaeophyceae (D) all of these.
SOLVED EXAMPLE
1. Which algal groups have similarity in pigment
composition :-
(A) Red algae and brown algae
(B) Green algae and blue green algae
(C) Kelps and diatoms
(D) Diatoms and euglenoids
2. Autotrophic thallophytes are called as :-
(A) Fungi (B) Lichens
(C) Algae (D) Microbes
3. Which of the following is parasitic algae :-
(A) Cephaleuros (B) Harveyella
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of the above
4. Red algae is red due to the presence of :-
(A) R-Phycocyanin (B) R-Phycoerythrin
(C) C-Phycocyanin (D) C-Phycoerythrin
5. Sea lettuce is the name given to :-
(A) Laminaria (B) Fucus
(C) Sargassum (D) Ulva
6. Fertile cells are not enclosed by sterile cells in the
group :-
(A) Thallophyta (B) Spermatophyta
(C) Pteridophyta (D) Bryophyta
7. "Red rust of tea" is caused by parasitic:-
(A) Algae (B) Fungi
(C) Bacteria (D) Bryophyta
8. No Zoospore formation has been observed in the
Algal members belonging to:-
(A) Chlorophyceae (B) Xanthophyceae
(C) Phaeophyceae (D) Cyanophyceae
9. Which pigment is found in phaeophyceae :-
(A) Chl. a, c and fucoxanthin
(B) Chl. a, d and violaxanthin
(C) Carotene and phycocyanin
(D) None of these
10. Food reserve in Rhodophyta is :-
(A) Floridean starch (B) Mannitol
(C) Leucosin (D) All of the above
11. Zygotic meiosis is characteristic of :-
(A) Procaryotes (B) Thallophyta
(C) Bryophyta (D) Spermatophyta
12. Photosynthetic pigments common to all algae :-
(A) Chlorophyll 'b' and carotene
(B) Chlorophyll 'a' and 'b'
(C) Chlorophyll 'a' and carotene
(D) Chlorophyll and xanthophyll
13. Acetabularia, a largest unicellular plant, belongs to
(A) Chlorophyta (B) Rhodophyta
(C) Pyrrophyta (D) Phaeophyta
14. Deepest algae in sea are :-
(A) Red Algae (B) Brown Algae
(C) Green Algae (D) Golden Algae
15. Phycobilins are characteristic pigments of :-
(A) Rhodophyta and Xanthophyta
(B) Rhodophyta and Pyrophyta
(C) Pyrophyta and Cyanophyta
(D) Rhodophyta and Cyanophyta
16. Which of the following plant groups have similar
pigment composition :-
(A) Rhodophyta and phaeophyta
(B) Chlorophyta and phaeophyta
(C) Rhodophyta and cyanophyta
(D) Xanthophyta and euglenophyta
17. Polyuronic acid and polysulphate esters are
characteristic in cell wall of :-
(A) Brown Algae (B) Red Algae
(C) Dinoflagellates (D) Diatoms
18. Stone wort is common name of :–
(A) Chara (B) Chlorella
(C) Laminaria (D) Polysiphonia
Exercise # 1 SINGLE OBJECTIVE NEET LEVEL
BIOLOGY FOR NEET & AIIMS
1. Blue - green Algae resembles more closely to:-
(A) Green Algae
(B) Brown Algae
(C) Red Algae and bacteria
(D) Slime molds
2. Which of the following statement is true for algae:-
(A) Algae have root, stem and leaves
(B) Algae have true roots but lack leaves
(C) Algae have rhizoides and leaves
(D) Body of algae is thallus
3. In which plant group reproductive organs are not
enclosed in a layer of sterile cells:-
(A) Pteridophyta (B) Thallophyta
(C) Angiosperm (D) Gymnosperm
4. Classification of algae is mainly based up on :-
(A) Reproductive organs
(B) Structure of spores
(C) Pigments
(D) Stored food
5. "Carrageenin" is obtained from :-
(A) Chondrus crispus (B) Laminaria
(C) Gelidium (D) Macrocystis
6. Female sex organ of algae is called :-
(A) Carpel (B) Oogonium
(C) Archegonia (D) Oosphere
7. Change in colour of algae according to depth in
sea is called :-
(A) Bohr's effect (B) Gaudikov's effect
(C) Fogg's effect (D) Pasteur effect
8. In some algae two entire individual fuse with each
other. Such a type of sexual reproduction is
called–
(A) Isogamy
(B) Anisogamy
(C) Hologamy
(D) Gametangial contact
9. Which of the following is not correctly matched :
(A) Heterocyst = N2-fixation structure of B.G.A.
(B) Hormogonia = Reproductive structure of B.G.A
(C) Floridean starch = Stored food of brown algae
(D) Cyanophycean starch = Stored food of B.G.A.
10. Cilia & flagella are absent in life cycle of :–
(A) Red algae (B) Brown algae
(C) Green algae (D) Red algae & B.G.A.
11. Which algae best explains the evolution of sexual
reproduction :–
(A) Green algae (B) Red algae
(C) Brown algae (D) B. G. Algae
12. Spermatia are male gametes of :–
(A) Red algae (B) Diatoms
(C) Spermatophyta (D) Euglena
13. Cap cells occur in :-
(A) Oedogonium (B) Diatoms
(C) Dinoflagellates (D) Euglena
14. Algae which have food conducting tubes similar to
phloem in vascular plants are :-
(A) Red algae (B) Brown algae
(C) Blue green algae (D) Green algae
15. Chlorophyll 'c' , 'd' and 'e' are characteristic pigments
of respectively :-
(A) Red algae, brown algae and yellow green algae
(B) Brown algae, Red algae and yellow green algae
(C) Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, Euglena
(D) High plants, Red algae, Diatoms
16. Which of the following algae produces
synzoospores :-
(A) Chlamydomonas (B) Polysiphonia
(C) Chlorella (D) Vaucheria
17. Reserve food of algae and fungi are :-
(A) Starch and soluble floridoside
(B) Oil droplets and fats
(C) Starch and glycogen
(D) Starch and Glycerol
SINGLE OBJECTIVE Exercise # 2 AIIMS LEVEL
1. Select the correct match from the options given in all algae
(A) Phaeophyceae - Mannitol
(B) Rhodophyceae - Dictyota
(C) Chlorophyceae - Non- motile gametes
(D) Rhodophyceae - r-Phycoerythrin
(A) A, B and C (B) B, C and D (C) A and C (D) C and D
(E) A and D
2. Observe the diagram A, B, C, and D. In which one of the four options all the items are correct
A B C D
(A) Chlamydomonas Chara Laminaria Volvox
(B) Laminaria Volvox Chlamydomonas Chara
(C) Chara Laminaria Volvox Chlamydomonas
(D) Volvox Chlamydomonas Laminaria Chara
3. Which of these is mismatched
(A) Phaneros - Visible
(B) Kryptos - Concealed
(C) Gymmo - Naked
(D) Bryon - Liverworths
(E) Trachea - Windpipe
4. Choose the wrong pair.
(A) Hepaticopsida - Marchantia
(B) Lycopsida - Selaginella
(C) Bryopsida - Anthoceros
(D) Pteropsida - Dryopteris
(E) Sphenopsida - Equisetum
5. Observe the diagrams (A-D) given below and select the right option in which all the four items A - D are correctly
identified.
A B C D
(A) Antheridia Archegonia Gemma cup Sphagnum
(B) Archegonia Antheridia Gemma cup Sphagnum
(C) Archegoniophore Gemma cup Gametophyte Sphagnum
(D) Gemma cup Archegoniophore Sporophyte Sphagnum
6. Match the following with correct combination
Column - I Column - II
A. Anthoceros i. Walking fern
B. Adiantum ii. Alga
C. Sargassum iii. Inferae
D. Asterales iv. Gametophyte
v. Hornwort
vi. Liverwort
(A) A - vi, B - v, C - i, D - iii (B) A - v, B -iv, C - iii, D - ii
(C) A - v, B - i, C - ii, D - iv (D) A - iii, B - ii, C - i, D - v
(E) A - i, B - iv, C - iii, D - v
Exercise # 3 PART - 1 MATRIX MATCH COLUMN
BIOLOGY FOR NEET & AIIMS
1. The largest ovules, largest male and female ametes
and largest plants are found among
[CBSE AIPMT-2000]
(A) angiosperms
(B) tree ferns and some monocots
(C) gymnosperms
(D) dicotyledonous plants
2. In ferns meiosis occurs when
[CBSE AIPMT-2000]
(A) spore germinates
(B) gametes are formed
(C) spores are formed
(D) antheridia and archegonia are formed
3. A research student collected certain alga and
found that its cells contained both chlorophylla,
b,c, and chlorophyll-d as well as phycoerythrin.
The alga belongs to [CBSE AIPMT-2000]
(A) Rhodophyceae (B) Bacillariophyceae
(C) Chlorophyceae (D) Phaeophyceae
4. Cycas has two cotyledons but not included in
angiosperms because of [CBSE AIPMT-2001]
(A) naked ovules (B) seems like monocot
(C) circinate ptyxis (D) compound leaves
5. Which of the following plants produces seeds but
not flowers ? [CBSE AIPMT-2002]
(A) Maiza (B) Mint
(C) Peepal (D) Pinus
6. Which of the following is without exception in
angiosperms ? [CBSE AIPMT-2002]
(A) Presence of vessels
(B) Double fertilisation
(C) Secondary growth
(D) Autotrophic nutrition
7. Sexual reproduction in Spirogyra is an advanced
feature because it shows [CBSE AIPMT-2003]
(A) physiologically differentiated sex organs
(B) different size of motile sex organs
(C) same size of motile sex organs
(D) morphologically different sex organs
8. Which one pair of examples will correctly represent
the grouping spermatophyta according to
one of the schemes of classifying plants ?
[CBSE AIPMT-2003]
(A) Rhizopus, Triticum (B) Ginkgo, Pisun
(C) Acacia, sugarcane (D) Pinus, Cycas
9. Which one the following pairs of plants are not
seed producers ? [CBSE AIPMT-2003]
(A) Ficus and Chlamydomonas
(B) Punica and Pinus
(C) Fern and Funaria
(D) Funaria and Ficus
10. Angiosperms have dominated the land flora
primarily because of their [CBSE AIPMT-2004]
(A) power of adaptability in diverse habitat
(B) Property of producing large number of seeds
(C) nature of some pollination
(D) domestication by man
11. A free living nitrogen fixing cyanobacterium which
can also form symbiotic association with the water
fern Azolla is - [CBSE AIPMT-2004]
(A) Tolypothrix (B) Chlorella
(C) Nostoc (D) Anabaena
12. Which one of the following is a living fossil ?
[CBSE AIPMT-2003]
(A) Tolypothrix (B) Chlorella
(C) Nostoc (D) Anabaena
13. Which of the following propagates through leaftip?
[CBSE AIPMT-2004]
(A) Walking fern (B) Sproux - leaf plant
(C) Marchantia (D) Moss
Exercise # 4 PART - 1 PREVIOUS YEAR (NEET/AIPMT)
1. Which one of the following statements is wrong?
(A) Algae increase the level of dissolved oxygen in the immediate environment.
(B) Algin is obtained from the red algae, and carrageenan from brwon algae.
(C) Agar-agar is obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria.
(D) Laminaria and Sargassum are used as food.
2. Find out the wrong statements.
A. Ulothrix and Spirogyra are filamentous forms.
B. Porphyra and Laminaria are fresh water algae.
C. Stored food is in the form of mannitol in Rhodophycean members.
D. Chlorella and Spirulina are unicellular algae.
(A) A and B (B) B and C (C) A and C (D) A and D
(E) b and D
3. Which of the following groups of algae produces algin?
(A) Phaeophyceae and Chlorophyceae (B) Rhodophyceae and Phaeophyceae
(C) Chlorophyceae and Rhodophyceae (D) Phaeophyceae only
4. Which out of the following is a mismatched pair?
(A) Rhodophyceae – Floridean starch,phycoerythrin
(B) Chlorophyceae – Laminarin, Mannitol
(C) Rhodophyceae – Non-flagellated gametes
(D) Phaeophyceae – Chlorophyll a and c, fucoxanthin
5. Which one of the following shows isogamy with non-flagellated gametes?
(A) Sargassum (B) Ectocarpus (C) Ulothrix (D) Spirogyra
6. Which of the following groups of algae belongs to Class Rhodophyceae?
(A) Laminari8a, Fucus, Porphyra, Volvox (B) Gelidium, Porphyra, Dictyota, Fucus
(C) Gracilaria, Geklidium, Porphyra, Polysiphonia (D) Volvox, Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Sargassum
(E) Sargassum, Laminaria, Fucus, Dictyota
7. Match the following and choose the correct combination from the option given.
Column I Column II
(Alga type) (Example)
A. Green alga i. Dictyota
B. Brown alga ii. Porphyra
C. Red alga iii. Spirogyra
(A) A-iii, B-ii, C-i (B) A-iii, B-i, C-ii
(C) A-ii, B-iii, C-i (D) A-(i), B-ii, C-iii
(E) A-i, B-iii, C-ii
Term "Algae" was given by Linnaeus.
Phycology - Study of algae.
Father of Phycology - Fristch
Book "Structure & Reproduction of algae"
Father of Indian phycology - M.O.P. Iyengar
NATURE
(1) Algae are found in both fresh and marine water.
(2) Algae are found in many forms like filamentous, colonial.
(3) Algae are surrounded by mucilagenous sheath and below the sheath cell wall is present which is made up of cellulose and pectin but mainly made up of cellulose, galactans, mannans and mineral like calcium carbonate.
(4) On the basis of structure, algae are thalloid i.e. plant body is not differentiated into root, stem and leaves. Tissue system is also absent in algae.
(5) On the basis of nutrition, algae are photoautotrophic. They have chloroplast in which photosynthetic pigments are present. Classification of algae is mainly based on pigments. Chl-a and carotene are universal pigment of algae.
REPRODUCTION
(1) Vegetative (2) Asexual (3) Sexual
Vegetative reproduction :
(i) Binary fission - Cell is divided into two parts and nucleus is also divided into two parts by mitosis.
eg. Found only in unicellular algae
(ii) Fragmentation - Filaments break down into small pieces & form new filaments.
eg. All filamentous algae
Asexual reproduction : It is a method of protection in all unfavourable conditions.
Sexual reproduction :
(i) Male sex organ is called antheridium and female is called oogonium. The sex organs of algae are unicellular & jacketless. But exceptionally sex organs of green algae Chara (Chara - green algae - known as stone wort) are multicellular and Jacketed. The male sex organ of Chara is known as globule and female is known as nucule.
(ii) Plant body of algae is haploid so sexual reproduction take place through zygotic meiosis. So their life cycle is haplontic.But exceptionally brown algae are diploid so that sexual reproduction takes place through gametic meiosis in them. So their life cycle is diplo haplontic .
(iii) Algae reproduce by zygotic meiosis i.e. first division in zygote is meiosis so embryo is not formed. Sexual reproduction is of three types
Check Point :
(1) Chlamydomonas exhibits complete evolution of sexual reproduction.
(2) Ulothrix exhibits origin of sexual reproduction
The classification of algae is mainly based on the photosynthetic pigments. In addition to this, cell wall composition and stored food are also the base of classification.
Algae is divided into following divisions
(1) Chlorophyta - Green Algae
(2) Phaeophyta - Brown Algae
(3) Xanthophyta - Yellow - Green Algae
(4) Rhodophyta - Red Algae
CHOLOROPHYTA GREEN ALGAE
Green algae are the most advanced algae. It is believed that green algae are the ancestors of the higher plants.
Habitat : Green algae are cosmopolitan in nature.
Different forms of Green algae (Structure) :
Green algae are found in many forms
(1) Unicellular :-
(i) Chlamydomonas - Motile unicellular algae. This algae moves with the help of flagella.
(ii) Chlorella - Non motile unicellular alga.
Calvin discovered "Calvin Cycle" by experimenting on Chlorella.
(iii) Acetabularia - Umbrella plant - It is the largest unicellular plant. The diameter of its cell is 10 cm.
Hammerling experimented on Acetabularia.
(2) Coenocytic - Some green algae are coenocytic i.e. multinucleated.
eg. Caulerpa
Check Point : According to five kingdom system the algae described above should be placed in Protista but
exceptionally due to their life cycle is similar to green algae. they are placed in Plantae. But now modern scientist
place above algae in protista.
(3) Colonial - Some green algae are found in colonies. They form colony of cells. The number of cells in a colony is fixed.
Colony with fixed number of cells called coenobium.
eg. Volvox - Motile colony
Hydrodictyon - Non motile colony (called as water net)
(4) Multicellular filamentous - Mostly algae are multicellular filamentous.
eg. Ulothrix - ( pond wool), Spirogyra - (pond silk)
Check Point : some green algae are heterotrichous i.e. two types of branches prostrate and errect - Fritschiella,
Stigeoclonium, Coleochaete (Fritschiella tuberosa has approach to the early land plants).
(5) Multicellular thalloid or Parenchymatous - Some algae are multicellular in length & width.
eg. Ulva - it is also known as sea lettuce.
BIOLOGY FOR NEET & AIIMS
The term "Bryophyta" was proposed by "Robert Braun".
The study of Bryophytes is known as Bryology.
Hedwig is considered to be the father of Bryology. But according to some scientist it is believed that
Cavers is the father of Bryology.
Father of Indian Bryology is Prof. Shiv Ram Kashyap.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS :
1. Bryophytes are the first land plant. It is believed that, they originated from aquatic plant and they come on land
through water. Because some bryophytes have characters similar to aquatic plants (eg. presence of air canal)
2. Bryophytes are not considered as the successful land plants because vascular tissue is absent and they need water
for fertilization. Due to the absence of vascular tissue bryophytes cannot grow very tall. The process of water
conduction in bryophytes takes place with the help of parenchyma. Parenchyma is a living tissue.
3. Bryophytes are known as amphibians of the plant kingdom, because they need water to complete their life cycle.
Mostly bryophytes are found on land.
4. Bryophytes are sciophytes, i.e. bryophytes prefer to grow in moist (wet) and shady places.
5. Roots are absent in bryophytes. Stem and leaves of bryophytes are functionally similar to the stem and leaves of
higher plants.
Life cycle of Bryophytes :
1. The plant in bryophyte is gametophyte. It is haploid.
2. Sex organs are formed on gametophyte. Sex organs are multicellular and jacketed in bryophytes. Male sex
organs are called as antheridium and female sex organs are called as archegonium.
3. The male gametes of bryophytes are motile. These motile male gametes are called as antherozoids. Antherozoids are
comma shaped and biflagellate. Female gamete is called egg.
Term pteridophyta was proposed by Haeckel
The study of pteridophytes is known as pteridology.
Pteridophytes are known as reptiles of plant kingdom.
1. Pteridophytes are also called as vascular cryptogames. Pteridophytes are vascular plants i.e. xylem and phloem
are present in it. In pteridophytes, vessels in xylem and companion cells in phloem are absent.
But exceptionaly xylem of Pteridium, Selaginella and Marsilea contains false vessels. These false vessels, are
formed by the modification of tracheids, so false vessels are tracheids.
Type of vascular bundle - Concentric, Amphicribal, mesarch condition and closed.
Note :- Secondary growth is absent (due to absence of cambium) in pteridophytes but exceptionally secondary
growth is present in stem of Isoetes.
2. Pteridophytes are called as the first successful terrestrial plants i.e. they are more adapted terrestrial plants as
compared to bryophytes. It is because vascular tissue is present in pteridophyta and they have roots.
3. Pteridophytes are not completely successful terrestrial plants because they need water for fertilization, so
pteridophytes grow in shady and moist places.
4. In pteridophyta, the plant body is completely differentiated in to root, stem and leaves hence their body is called
as cormophyte.
The primary root remains alive for short period. After some time it is replaced by adventitious roots.
Stem is erect or prostrate. In some pteridophytes stem is underground, which is known as rhizome.
On the basis of leaves, pteridophytes are of two types -
First in which stem is smaller while leaves are larger. They are known as macrophyllous Pteridophytes.
eg. Pteridium, Pteris, Marsilea
Second, in which stem is larger and leaves are smaller. They are called as microphyllous Pteridophytes.
eg. Equisetum, Lycopodium, Selaginella
Note : Differentitation in plant body starts from bryophytes.
LIFE CYCLE OF PTERIDOPHYTES
1. Plant is sporophyte. i.e. diploid.
Most of the pteriophytes are homosporus i.e. only one type of spores are formed during reproduction.
eg. Lycopodium, Pteridium, Equisetum, Dryopteris
Exception - Some pteridophytes are heterosporus i.e. two types of spores microspores and megaspores.
eg. Selaginella, Isoetes, Marsilea, Salvinia, Azolla, Stylites, Pillularia, Regellidium
eg. of Ferns :
Pteridium
Pteris
They are called "Braken fern" or "Sun fern"
Dryopteris
Dryopteris - Also called as Brook shield fern'
Adiantum - Walking fern or Maiden hair fern
This name is given to them due to rapid vegetative reproduction. Vegetative reproduction in Adiantum takes
place by means of leaf tip. It spreads very fast.
Osmunda - Royal fern or flowering fern
Ophioglossum - Adder's tongue fern
Marsilea - Pepper wort fern
Azolla - Aquatic fern (Smallest pteridophyte and biofertilizer)
Onychium - Golden fern
Cyathea - Lofty tree fern
Alsophila - Tree fern (Largest pteridophyte)
Chielanthus - Silver fern
Botrychium - Moon wort fern
(1) Selaginella - Vivipary is present in it i.e. partial endosporic germination. Seed habit was originated in Selaginella
like pteridophytes.
Ligulate leaves (tongue shaped) are present in it
Function - Ligule is secretory structure, which secretes water and keeps the sporangium and the young leaf
moist.
(2) In some pteridophytes sporangia are not formed on lower surface of sporophylls -
In some pteridophytes sporangia are formed at the axil of leaf.
eg. Selaginella
In some pteridophytes sporangia are formed in spike.
eg. Ophioglossum
In some pteridophytes sporangia are formed in sporocarp.
eg. Marsilea, Azolla
Habitat of some important pteridophytes - Most of the pteridophytes are found in moist soil and shady places.
(1) Aquatic - Some pteridophytes are found in water.
eg. Marsilea, Salvinia, Azolla, Isoetes
(2) Epiphytes - Some pteridophytes grow on other plants.
eg. Lycopodium phlegmeria , Ophioglossum pendulum , Pleopeltis
(3) Xerophytes - Some pteridophytes are found in deserts.
eg. Selaginella rupestris, Selaginella bryopteris
Selaginella lepidophylla
BIOLOGY FOR NEET & AIIMS
1. Term Gymnosperm was given by Theophrastus.
2. Study of Gymnosperm known as Gymnospermology.
3. Gymnosperm & Angiosperm are collectively included under spermatophyta i.e. seed bearing plants.
4. Gymnosperms are naked seeded plant i.e. no fruit formation takes place in these plant.
i.e. in gymnosperm embryo & seed formation takes place but no fruit formation occur.
5. Gymnosperms are very limited in distribution. They are mainly found in cold regions.In India Gymnosperms are
found on Himaliyan mountains. They occur on slopes of mountain in cold region therefore gymnosperms are
xerophyte.
6. All gymnosperm are vascular plants. Therefore vascular tissue present i.e. xylem & phloem. Xylem lack vessels &
phloem lacks companion cells.
Note :
Exceptionally in xylem of Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia true vessels are present.
In gymnosperms vascular bundle is Conjoint-Collateral-Endarch-Open.
In the vascular bundle cambium is present therefore secondary growth takes place in gymnosperms, so
that Gymnosperms are woody plants.
7. Most of the gymnosperms are arborescent (woody and tree habit) - but some are present as shrub.
eg. Ephedra
Some Gymnosperm are liana or woody climbers.
eg. Gnetum ula
LIFE CYCLE OF GYMNOSPERM
1. In Gymnosperms main plant body is sporophyte (diploid). All Gymnosperm are dioecious. i.e. male & female plants
are separate, but exceptionally Pinus is monoecious.
2. All Gymnosperms are heterosporus. At the time of reproduction two types of spores are formed.
Microspores form– Male gametophyte
Megaspores form– Female gametophyte
3. These two types of spores are formed in different sporangia.
Microspores are formed in Microsporangia. Microsporangia are also termed as pollen sac.
Megaspores are formed in Megasporangia. Megasporangia are also termed as ovule.
4. Both type of sporangia are formed on different sporophylls.
Microsporangia are formed on Microsporophyll. It is known as stamen.
Megasporangia are formed on Megasporophylls. It is known as carpel.
5. Both types of sporophylls are found in groups & form male cone (strobilus) & female cone.
Gymnosperm's cone are just like flower or inflorescence of angiosperm.
Carpels of Angiosperm & Gymnosperm are different to each other.
BIOLOGY FOR NEET & AIIMS
Kingdom plantae includes all aukaryotic cholorophyllous autuotrophic irgansims. A few members
The gametes of these algae are pyriform (pear shaped) and bear two laterally attached flagella.
Common members of phaeophyceae are - Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Laminaria, Sargassum & Fucus.
1. RHODOPHYCEAE (Red algae)
Majority of red algae are found in marine water with greater concentrations in warmer areas.
The reserve food in red algae is floridean starch which is very similar to amylopectin and glycogen.
Sexual reproduction in red algae is Oogamous and accompanied by complex post fertilisation developments.
Examples of red algae are Polysiphonia, Porphyra, Gracillaria, Gelidium.
2. BRYOPHYTA
Bryophytes lack true roots, stem or leaves. They may possess root like, stem like or leaf like structures.
Main body of bryophytes is made of haploids cells and it produces gametes hence is called as gametophyte.
Sporophyte in them is not free living, but attached to the photosynthetic gametophyte and derives nourishment
from it.
Sphagnum provides peat that have long been used as fuel and also wsed as packing material for trans-shipment of
living material because of its high water holding capacity.
Mosses along with lichens are the first organisms to colonies rocks and hence are of great ecological importance.
Mosses form dense mats on the soil, they reduce the impact of falling rain and prevent soil erosion. LIVER WORTS
The plant body of liver wort is thalloid and the thallus is dorsiventral and closely appressed to the substratum.
The leafy members of liverworts have tiny leaf like appendages in two rows on the stem like structures.
Asexual reproduction in liverworts takes place by fragmentation of thalli or by the formation of specialised structures
called gemmae (gemma-singular). Gemmae are green multicellular, asexual buds, which develop in small receptacles
called gemma cups.
The sporphyte is differentiated into a Foot, Seta and Capsule (Marchantia). After meiosis spores are produced
within the capsule.“MOSS
The gametophyte body of moss is made up of two stages.
(i) Protonema - first stage produced from spore.
(ii) Leafy stage - The second stage produced from buds of protonema.
Vegetative reproduction in mosses is by fragmentation and budding in the secondary protonema.
Common example of mosses are Funaria, Polytrichum and Sphagnum.
3. PTERIDOPHYTA
In pteridophytes the main plant body is sporophyte which is differentiated into root, stem & leaves. They have well
differentiated vascular tissues.
The leaves in pteridophyta are small (microphylls) as in Selaginella or large (macrophylls) as in ferns.
Only few genera of pteridophytes show heterospory; they produce two types of spores, Macrospores (large) and
Microspores (small).
In heterosporous pteridophytes the female gametophytes are retained on the parent sporophyte for variable period.
The development of zygote into young embryo takes place within the female gametophytes. This is precursor to the
seed habit, considered as an important step in evolution.
4. GYMNOSPERMS
In gymnosperms ovules are not enclosed in ovary walls and remain exposed both before and after fertilisation, so
they produce naked seeds.
Gymnosperms are medium sized trees or tall trees and shrubs .
The giant redwood tree Sequoia is one of the tallest tree species .
In gymnospemrs the stem may be unbranched (Cycas) or branched (Pinus, Cedrus)
The leaves may be simple or pinnately compound.
The leaves in gymnosperms are well adapted to withstand extremes of temperature, humidity and wind. In conifers,
BIOLOGY FOR NEET & AIIMS
Ex.1 Fusion of two motile gametes which are dissimilar in
size is termed as
(A) oogamy (B) isogamy
(C) anisogamy (D) zoogamy.
Sol. (C) : Anisogamy is fusion of two motile gametes
dissimilar in size. it is observed in some species of
Chlamydomonas. Oogamy is also fusion of two dissimilar
sized gametes in which female gamete is larger
but non- motile.
Ex.2 Cyanobacteria are classified under
(A) Protista (B) Plantae
(C) Monera (D) Algae.
Sol. (C) : Cyanobacteria are classifled under Kingdom
Monera as they are prokaryotes. They are generally
photosynthetic in nature and contain pigments,
chlorophyll a, and carotenoids, etc. Nostoc and
Oscillatoria are examples of this category.
Ex.3 lf the diploid number of a flowering plant is 36, what
would be the chromosome number in its endosperm?
(A) 36 (B) 18
(C) 54 (D) 72
Sol. (C): Endosperm of flowering plants is a triploid structure.
As 2n = 36, then n = 18, therefore 3n = 54.
Ex.4 A plant shows thallus level of organisation. It shows
rhizoids and is haploid. It needs water to complete
its life cycle because the male gametes are motile. It
may belong to
(A) pteridophytes (B) gymnosperms
(C) monocots (D) bryophytes.
Sol. (D) : Bryophytes are non-vascularterrestrial plants
of moist habitat in which a multicellular diploid
sporophyte lives as a parasite on an independent
multicellular haploid gametophyte that develops
multi-cellular jacketed sex organs. True roots are
absent, instead rhizoids occur, which may be unicellular
or multicellular. An external layer of water is
essential for the swimming of male gametes to the
archegonia.
Ex.5 Plants of this group are diploid and well adapted to
extreme conditions. They grow bearing sporophylls
in compact structures called cones. The group in
reference is
(A) monocots (B) dicots
(C) pteridophytes (D) gymnosperms.
Sol. (D) : Gymnosperms are those seed plants in which
the seeds remain exposed over the surface of the
megasporophylls because the latter are not folded
to form pistils. Flowers are absent. Two types of
sporophylls, microsporophylls and megasporophylls
are usually aggregated to form distinct cones
or strobili, pollen cones (male cones) and seed cones
(female cones) respectively.
Ex.6 The embryo sac of an angiosperm is made up of
(A) 8 cells (B) 7 cells and 8 nuclei
(C) 8 nuclei (D) 7 cells and 7 nuclei.
Sol. (B) : Female gametophyte or embryo sac of angiosperms
develops upto 8-nucleate, 7-celled state
prior to fertilisation. There is a three celled apparatus
(one egg cell or oosphere and two synergids),
three antipodal cells and two polar nuclei. The two
polar nuclei fuse to form a diploid secondary nucleus.
Ex.7 Protonema is
(A) haploid and is found in mosses
(B) diploid and is found in liverworts
(C) diploid and is found in pteridophytes
(D) haploid and is found in pteridophytes.
Sol. (A): The predominant stage in the life cycle of a
moss (bryophyte) is the gametophyte which consists
of two stages. The first stage is the protonema
stage, which develops directly from a spore. It is a
creeping, green, branched and frequently filamentous
stage. The second stage is the leafy stage,
which develops from the secondary protonema as a
lateral bud. It consists of upright, slender axes bearing
spirally arranged leaves attached to the soil
through multicellular and branched rhizoids. This
stage bears the sex organs.
Ex.8 Holdfast. stipe and frond constitute the plant body
in case of
(A) Rhodophyceae (B) Chlorophyceae
(C) Phaeophyceae (D) all of these.
SOLVED EXAMPLE
1. Which algal groups have similarity in pigment
composition :-
(A) Red algae and brown algae
(B) Green algae and blue green algae
(C) Kelps and diatoms
(D) Diatoms and euglenoids
2. Autotrophic thallophytes are called as :-
(A) Fungi (B) Lichens
(C) Algae (D) Microbes
3. Which of the following is parasitic algae :-
(A) Cephaleuros (B) Harveyella
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of the above
4. Red algae is red due to the presence of :-
(A) R-Phycocyanin (B) R-Phycoerythrin
(C) C-Phycocyanin (D) C-Phycoerythrin
5. Sea lettuce is the name given to :-
(A) Laminaria (B) Fucus
(C) Sargassum (D) Ulva
6. Fertile cells are not enclosed by sterile cells in the
group :-
(A) Thallophyta (B) Spermatophyta
(C) Pteridophyta (D) Bryophyta
7. "Red rust of tea" is caused by parasitic:-
(A) Algae (B) Fungi
(C) Bacteria (D) Bryophyta
8. No Zoospore formation has been observed in the
Algal members belonging to:-
(A) Chlorophyceae (B) Xanthophyceae
(C) Phaeophyceae (D) Cyanophyceae
9. Which pigment is found in phaeophyceae :-
(A) Chl. a, c and fucoxanthin
(B) Chl. a, d and violaxanthin
(C) Carotene and phycocyanin
(D) None of these
10. Food reserve in Rhodophyta is :-
(A) Floridean starch (B) Mannitol
(C) Leucosin (D) All of the above
11. Zygotic meiosis is characteristic of :-
(A) Procaryotes (B) Thallophyta
(C) Bryophyta (D) Spermatophyta
12. Photosynthetic pigments common to all algae :-
(A) Chlorophyll 'b' and carotene
(B) Chlorophyll 'a' and 'b'
(C) Chlorophyll 'a' and carotene
(D) Chlorophyll and xanthophyll
13. Acetabularia, a largest unicellular plant, belongs to
(A) Chlorophyta (B) Rhodophyta
(C) Pyrrophyta (D) Phaeophyta
14. Deepest algae in sea are :-
(A) Red Algae (B) Brown Algae
(C) Green Algae (D) Golden Algae
15. Phycobilins are characteristic pigments of :-
(A) Rhodophyta and Xanthophyta
(B) Rhodophyta and Pyrophyta
(C) Pyrophyta and Cyanophyta
(D) Rhodophyta and Cyanophyta
16. Which of the following plant groups have similar
pigment composition :-
(A) Rhodophyta and phaeophyta
(B) Chlorophyta and phaeophyta
(C) Rhodophyta and cyanophyta
(D) Xanthophyta and euglenophyta
17. Polyuronic acid and polysulphate esters are
characteristic in cell wall of :-
(A) Brown Algae (B) Red Algae
(C) Dinoflagellates (D) Diatoms
18. Stone wort is common name of :–
(A) Chara (B) Chlorella
(C) Laminaria (D) Polysiphonia
Exercise # 1 SINGLE OBJECTIVE NEET LEVEL
BIOLOGY FOR NEET & AIIMS
1. Blue - green Algae resembles more closely to:-
(A) Green Algae
(B) Brown Algae
(C) Red Algae and bacteria
(D) Slime molds
2. Which of the following statement is true for algae:-
(A) Algae have root, stem and leaves
(B) Algae have true roots but lack leaves
(C) Algae have rhizoides and leaves
(D) Body of algae is thallus
3. In which plant group reproductive organs are not
enclosed in a layer of sterile cells:-
(A) Pteridophyta (B) Thallophyta
(C) Angiosperm (D) Gymnosperm
4. Classification of algae is mainly based up on :-
(A) Reproductive organs
(B) Structure of spores
(C) Pigments
(D) Stored food
5. "Carrageenin" is obtained from :-
(A) Chondrus crispus (B) Laminaria
(C) Gelidium (D) Macrocystis
6. Female sex organ of algae is called :-
(A) Carpel (B) Oogonium
(C) Archegonia (D) Oosphere
7. Change in colour of algae according to depth in
sea is called :-
(A) Bohr's effect (B) Gaudikov's effect
(C) Fogg's effect (D) Pasteur effect
8. In some algae two entire individual fuse with each
other. Such a type of sexual reproduction is
called–
(A) Isogamy
(B) Anisogamy
(C) Hologamy
(D) Gametangial contact
9. Which of the following is not correctly matched :
(A) Heterocyst = N2-fixation structure of B.G.A.
(B) Hormogonia = Reproductive structure of B.G.A
(C) Floridean starch = Stored food of brown algae
(D) Cyanophycean starch = Stored food of B.G.A.
10. Cilia & flagella are absent in life cycle of :–
(A) Red algae (B) Brown algae
(C) Green algae (D) Red algae & B.G.A.
11. Which algae best explains the evolution of sexual
reproduction :–
(A) Green algae (B) Red algae
(C) Brown algae (D) B. G. Algae
12. Spermatia are male gametes of :–
(A) Red algae (B) Diatoms
(C) Spermatophyta (D) Euglena
13. Cap cells occur in :-
(A) Oedogonium (B) Diatoms
(C) Dinoflagellates (D) Euglena
14. Algae which have food conducting tubes similar to
phloem in vascular plants are :-
(A) Red algae (B) Brown algae
(C) Blue green algae (D) Green algae
15. Chlorophyll 'c' , 'd' and 'e' are characteristic pigments
of respectively :-
(A) Red algae, brown algae and yellow green algae
(B) Brown algae, Red algae and yellow green algae
(C) Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, Euglena
(D) High plants, Red algae, Diatoms
16. Which of the following algae produces
synzoospores :-
(A) Chlamydomonas (B) Polysiphonia
(C) Chlorella (D) Vaucheria
17. Reserve food of algae and fungi are :-
(A) Starch and soluble floridoside
(B) Oil droplets and fats
(C) Starch and glycogen
(D) Starch and Glycerol
SINGLE OBJECTIVE Exercise # 2 AIIMS LEVEL
1. Select the correct match from the options given in all algae
(A) Phaeophyceae - Mannitol
(B) Rhodophyceae - Dictyota
(C) Chlorophyceae - Non- motile gametes
(D) Rhodophyceae - r-Phycoerythrin
(A) A, B and C (B) B, C and D (C) A and C (D) C and D
(E) A and D
2. Observe the diagram A, B, C, and D. In which one of the four options all the items are correct
A B C D
(A) Chlamydomonas Chara Laminaria Volvox
(B) Laminaria Volvox Chlamydomonas Chara
(C) Chara Laminaria Volvox Chlamydomonas
(D) Volvox Chlamydomonas Laminaria Chara
3. Which of these is mismatched
(A) Phaneros - Visible
(B) Kryptos - Concealed
(C) Gymmo - Naked
(D) Bryon - Liverworths
(E) Trachea - Windpipe
4. Choose the wrong pair.
(A) Hepaticopsida - Marchantia
(B) Lycopsida - Selaginella
(C) Bryopsida - Anthoceros
(D) Pteropsida - Dryopteris
(E) Sphenopsida - Equisetum
5. Observe the diagrams (A-D) given below and select the right option in which all the four items A - D are correctly
identified.
A B C D
(A) Antheridia Archegonia Gemma cup Sphagnum
(B) Archegonia Antheridia Gemma cup Sphagnum
(C) Archegoniophore Gemma cup Gametophyte Sphagnum
(D) Gemma cup Archegoniophore Sporophyte Sphagnum
6. Match the following with correct combination
Column - I Column - II
A. Anthoceros i. Walking fern
B. Adiantum ii. Alga
C. Sargassum iii. Inferae
D. Asterales iv. Gametophyte
v. Hornwort
vi. Liverwort
(A) A - vi, B - v, C - i, D - iii (B) A - v, B -iv, C - iii, D - ii
(C) A - v, B - i, C - ii, D - iv (D) A - iii, B - ii, C - i, D - v
(E) A - i, B - iv, C - iii, D - v
Exercise # 3 PART - 1 MATRIX MATCH COLUMN
BIOLOGY FOR NEET & AIIMS
1. The largest ovules, largest male and female ametes
and largest plants are found among
[CBSE AIPMT-2000]
(A) angiosperms
(B) tree ferns and some monocots
(C) gymnosperms
(D) dicotyledonous plants
2. In ferns meiosis occurs when
[CBSE AIPMT-2000]
(A) spore germinates
(B) gametes are formed
(C) spores are formed
(D) antheridia and archegonia are formed
3. A research student collected certain alga and
found that its cells contained both chlorophylla,
b,c, and chlorophyll-d as well as phycoerythrin.
The alga belongs to [CBSE AIPMT-2000]
(A) Rhodophyceae (B) Bacillariophyceae
(C) Chlorophyceae (D) Phaeophyceae
4. Cycas has two cotyledons but not included in
angiosperms because of [CBSE AIPMT-2001]
(A) naked ovules (B) seems like monocot
(C) circinate ptyxis (D) compound leaves
5. Which of the following plants produces seeds but
not flowers ? [CBSE AIPMT-2002]
(A) Maiza (B) Mint
(C) Peepal (D) Pinus
6. Which of the following is without exception in
angiosperms ? [CBSE AIPMT-2002]
(A) Presence of vessels
(B) Double fertilisation
(C) Secondary growth
(D) Autotrophic nutrition
7. Sexual reproduction in Spirogyra is an advanced
feature because it shows [CBSE AIPMT-2003]
(A) physiologically differentiated sex organs
(B) different size of motile sex organs
(C) same size of motile sex organs
(D) morphologically different sex organs
8. Which one pair of examples will correctly represent
the grouping spermatophyta according to
one of the schemes of classifying plants ?
[CBSE AIPMT-2003]
(A) Rhizopus, Triticum (B) Ginkgo, Pisun
(C) Acacia, sugarcane (D) Pinus, Cycas
9. Which one the following pairs of plants are not
seed producers ? [CBSE AIPMT-2003]
(A) Ficus and Chlamydomonas
(B) Punica and Pinus
(C) Fern and Funaria
(D) Funaria and Ficus
10. Angiosperms have dominated the land flora
primarily because of their [CBSE AIPMT-2004]
(A) power of adaptability in diverse habitat
(B) Property of producing large number of seeds
(C) nature of some pollination
(D) domestication by man
11. A free living nitrogen fixing cyanobacterium which
can also form symbiotic association with the water
fern Azolla is - [CBSE AIPMT-2004]
(A) Tolypothrix (B) Chlorella
(C) Nostoc (D) Anabaena
12. Which one of the following is a living fossil ?
[CBSE AIPMT-2003]
(A) Tolypothrix (B) Chlorella
(C) Nostoc (D) Anabaena
13. Which of the following propagates through leaftip?
[CBSE AIPMT-2004]
(A) Walking fern (B) Sproux - leaf plant
(C) Marchantia (D) Moss
Exercise # 4 PART - 1 PREVIOUS YEAR (NEET/AIPMT)
1. Which one of the following statements is wrong?
(A) Algae increase the level of dissolved oxygen in the immediate environment.
(B) Algin is obtained from the red algae, and carrageenan from brwon algae.
(C) Agar-agar is obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria.
(D) Laminaria and Sargassum are used as food.
2. Find out the wrong statements.
A. Ulothrix and Spirogyra are filamentous forms.
B. Porphyra and Laminaria are fresh water algae.
C. Stored food is in the form of mannitol in Rhodophycean members.
D. Chlorella and Spirulina are unicellular algae.
(A) A and B (B) B and C (C) A and C (D) A and D
(E) b and D
3. Which of the following groups of algae produces algin?
(A) Phaeophyceae and Chlorophyceae (B) Rhodophyceae and Phaeophyceae
(C) Chlorophyceae and Rhodophyceae (D) Phaeophyceae only
4. Which out of the following is a mismatched pair?
(A) Rhodophyceae – Floridean starch,phycoerythrin
(B) Chlorophyceae – Laminarin, Mannitol
(C) Rhodophyceae – Non-flagellated gametes
(D) Phaeophyceae – Chlorophyll a and c, fucoxanthin
5. Which one of the following shows isogamy with non-flagellated gametes?
(A) Sargassum (B) Ectocarpus (C) Ulothrix (D) Spirogyra
6. Which of the following groups of algae belongs to Class Rhodophyceae?
(A) Laminari8a, Fucus, Porphyra, Volvox (B) Gelidium, Porphyra, Dictyota, Fucus
(C) Gracilaria, Geklidium, Porphyra, Polysiphonia (D) Volvox, Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Sargassum
(E) Sargassum, Laminaria, Fucus, Dictyota
7. Match the following and choose the correct combination from the option given.
Column I Column II
(Alga type) (Example)
A. Green alga i. Dictyota
B. Brown alga ii. Porphyra
C. Red alga iii. Spirogyra
(A) A-iii, B-ii, C-i (B) A-iii, B-i, C-ii
(C) A-ii, B-iii, C-i (D) A-(i), B-ii, C-iii
(E) A-i, B-iii, C-ii
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