NEET BIOLOGY
Unit24 BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATIONThe rich variety of living organisms on this planet never ceases to astonish and fascinate us. Biodiversity is inherent in the occurence of vaious types of environmental conditions in different parts of an area as well as earth and the presence of various forms of life adapted to these different environmental regimes. There are about 20,000 species of ants, 3,00,000 species of beetles, 28,000 species of fishes and nealy 20,000 species of orchids. Biodiversity is not uniform.It is low at certain regions, moderate in others and tremendous in some places.Ecologists and evolutionary biologists are trying to understand and get the significance of such a tremendous diversity. This chapter will help us to know the different levels of biodiversity,patterns of biodiversity, loss of biodiversity and their result. The various ways which can help us to prevent biodiversity and so on.
INTRODUCTION
BIOLOGY FOR NEET & AIIMS
Biodiversity
Term given by Edward Wilson.
Combined diversity at all the levels of biological organization. The biodiversity can be studied at three levels.
(1) Genetic diversity (2) Species diversity (3) Community and Ecosystem diversity
(1) Genetic diversity :
A species show high diversity at gene level over it's distributional range. For ex. Medicinal plant
Rauwolfia Vomitoria growing in Himalayan range show diversity in synthesis of chemical reserpine in concentration and potential.
India has 50,000 genetically different spacies of rice and 1000 varieties of mangos.
Each species, varying from bacteria to higher plants and animals, stores an immense amount of genetic information. For example, the number of genes is about 450-700 in Mycoplasma, 4000 in Escherichia coli, 13000 in Drosophila melanogaster, 32000-50000 in Oryza sativa and 35000 to 45000 in Homo sapiens.
Genetic diversity refers to the variation of genes within species; the differences could be in allels
(different variants of same genes), in entire genes (the traits determining particular characteristics) or in chromosomal structures.
The genetic diversity enables a population to adapt to its environment and respond to natural selection. If a species has more genetic diversity, it can adapt better to the changed environmental conditions.
Lower genetic diversity in a species leads to uniformity, as in the case of large monocultures of genetically similar crop plants. This has advantage when increased crop production is a consideration, but can be a problem when an insect or a fungal disease attacks the field and posses a threat to the whole crop.
The amount of genetic variation is the basis of speciation (evolution of new species). It has a key role in the maintenance of diversity at species and community levels. The total genetic diversity of a
community will be greater if there are many species, as compared to a situation where there are only a few species. Genetic diversity within a species often increases with environmental variability.
(2) Species diversity :
Diversity at species level.
Ex.: Western Ghat have greater species diversity of amphibians than Eastern Ghat.
Species are distinct units of diversity, each playing a specific role in an ecosystem. Therefore, loss of species has consequences for the ecosystem as a whole.
Species diversity refer to the variety of species within a region. Simplest measure of species diversity is species richness, i.e., the number of species per unit area. The number of species increases per unit area of the site.
Generally, greater the species richness, greater is the species diversity. However, number of individuals among the species may also vary, resulting into differences in evenness or equitability and consequently in diversity.
Suppose, we are having three sample areas. In the sample area-I, there are three spacies of birds. Two species are represented by one individual each, while the third species has four individuals. In the sample area-2 that has the same three spacies, each spacies is represented by two individuals. This sample area show greater evenness, and there are equal chances for a species being represented in a sample. The sample area-2 will be considered more diverse than the first. In the sample area-3 the species are represented by an insect, a mammal and a birds. This sample area is most diverse as it compares taxonomically unrelated species. In this example, we find equal number of spacies but varying number of individuals per species. In nature, both the number and kind of species, as well as the number of individuals per species vary, leading to greater diversity.
Biodiversity is the term popularised by the sociologist Edward Wilson to describe the combined diversity at all the levels of biological organisation. The most important of them.
(i) Genetic diversity
(ii) Species diversity
(iii) Ecological diversity
According to the IUCN (2004), the total number of plant and animal species described so far is slightly more than 1.5 million.
Robert May places the global species diversity at about 7 million.
More than 70 percent of all the species recorded are animals, while plants (including algae, fungi, bryophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms) comprise no more than 22 percent of the total. Out of every 10 animals on this planet, 7 are insects.
Although India has only 2.4 percent of the world's land area, its share of the global species diversity is an impressive 8.1 percent.
India, in the tropical latitudes, has more than 1,200 species of birds.
The largely torpical Amazonian rain forest in South America has the greatest biodiversity on earth.
Tropics that might account for their greater biological diversity ?
Tropical latitudes have remained relatively undisturbed for millions of years and thus, had a long evolutionary time for species diversification, (b) Tropical environments, unlike temperature ones, are less seasonal, relatively more constant and predictable. Such constant environments promote niche specialisation and lead to a greater species diversity and (c) There is more solar energy available in the tropics, which contributes to higher productivity.
A stable community should not show too much variation in productivity from year to year, it must be either resistant or resilient to occasional disturbances (natural or man-made) and it must also be resistant to invasions by alien species.
Tilman found that plots with more species showed less year-to-year variation in total biomass. Increased diversity contributed to higher productivity.
The IUCN Red List (2004) documents the extinction of 784 species (including 338 vertebrates, 359invertebrates and 87 plants) in the last 500 years. Some examples of recent extinctions include the dodo (Maurititus), quagga (Africa),
thylacine (Australia). Steller's Sea Cow (Russia) and three subspecies (Bali, Javan, Caspian) of tiger.
Presently, 12 percent of all bird species, 23 percent of all mammal species, 32 percent of all amphibian species and 31 percent of all gymnosperm species in the world face the threat of extinction. Causes of biodiversity losses
(i) Habitat loss and fragmentation
(ii) Over-exploitation : Steller's sea cow, passenger pigeon, were extinct due to overexploitation by humans.
Environmental damage was caused and threat was posed on our native species by invasive weed species like carrot grass (Parthenium), Lantana and water hyacinth (Eicchomia). The recent illegal introduction of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus for aquaculture purposes is posing a threat to the indigenous catfishes in rivers.
Amazon forest is estimated to produce, through photosynthesis, 20 percent of the total oxygen in the earth's atmo sphere.
BIOLOGY FOR NEET & AIIMS
Biodiversity
Term given by Edward Wilson.
Combined diversity at all the levels of biological organization. The biodiversity can be studied at three levels.
(1) Genetic diversity (2) Species diversity (3) Community and Ecosystem diversity
(1) Genetic diversity :
A species show high diversity at gene level over it's distributional range. For ex. Medicinal plant
Rauwolfia Vomitoria growing in Himalayan range show diversity in synthesis of chemical reserpine in concentration and potential.
India has 50,000 genetically different spacies of rice and 1000 varieties of mangos.
Each species, varying from bacteria to higher plants and animals, stores an immense amount of genetic information. For example, the number of genes is about 450-700 in Mycoplasma, 4000 in Escherichia coli, 13000 in Drosophila melanogaster, 32000-50000 in Oryza sativa and 35000 to 45000 in Homo sapiens.
Genetic diversity refers to the variation of genes within species; the differences could be in allels
(different variants of same genes), in entire genes (the traits determining particular characteristics) or in chromosomal structures.
The genetic diversity enables a population to adapt to its environment and respond to natural selection. If a species has more genetic diversity, it can adapt better to the changed environmental conditions.
Lower genetic diversity in a species leads to uniformity, as in the case of large monocultures of genetically similar crop plants. This has advantage when increased crop production is a consideration, but can be a problem when an insect or a fungal disease attacks the field and posses a threat to the whole crop.
The amount of genetic variation is the basis of speciation (evolution of new species). It has a key role in the maintenance of diversity at species and community levels. The total genetic diversity of a
community will be greater if there are many species, as compared to a situation where there are only a few species. Genetic diversity within a species often increases with environmental variability.
(2) Species diversity :
Diversity at species level.
Ex.: Western Ghat have greater species diversity of amphibians than Eastern Ghat.
Species are distinct units of diversity, each playing a specific role in an ecosystem. Therefore, loss of species has consequences for the ecosystem as a whole.
Species diversity refer to the variety of species within a region. Simplest measure of species diversity is species richness, i.e., the number of species per unit area. The number of species increases per unit area of the site.
Generally, greater the species richness, greater is the species diversity. However, number of individuals among the species may also vary, resulting into differences in evenness or equitability and consequently in diversity.
Suppose, we are having three sample areas. In the sample area-I, there are three spacies of birds. Two species are represented by one individual each, while the third species has four individuals. In the sample area-2 that has the same three spacies, each spacies is represented by two individuals. This sample area show greater evenness, and there are equal chances for a species being represented in a sample. The sample area-2 will be considered more diverse than the first. In the sample area-3 the species are represented by an insect, a mammal and a birds. This sample area is most diverse as it compares taxonomically unrelated species. In this example, we find equal number of spacies but varying number of individuals per species. In nature, both the number and kind of species, as well as the number of individuals per species vary, leading to greater diversity.
Biodiversity is the term popularised by the sociologist Edward Wilson to describe the combined diversity at all the levels of biological organisation. The most important of them.
(i) Genetic diversity
(ii) Species diversity
(iii) Ecological diversity
According to the IUCN (2004), the total number of plant and animal species described so far is slightly more than 1.5 million.
Robert May places the global species diversity at about 7 million.
More than 70 percent of all the species recorded are animals, while plants (including algae, fungi, bryophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms) comprise no more than 22 percent of the total. Out of every 10 animals on this planet, 7 are insects.
Although India has only 2.4 percent of the world's land area, its share of the global species diversity is an impressive 8.1 percent.
India, in the tropical latitudes, has more than 1,200 species of birds.
The largely torpical Amazonian rain forest in South America has the greatest biodiversity on earth.
Tropics that might account for their greater biological diversity ?
Tropical latitudes have remained relatively undisturbed for millions of years and thus, had a long evolutionary time for species diversification, (b) Tropical environments, unlike temperature ones, are less seasonal, relatively more constant and predictable. Such constant environments promote niche specialisation and lead to a greater species diversity and (c) There is more solar energy available in the tropics, which contributes to higher productivity.
A stable community should not show too much variation in productivity from year to year, it must be either resistant or resilient to occasional disturbances (natural or man-made) and it must also be resistant to invasions by alien species.
Tilman found that plots with more species showed less year-to-year variation in total biomass. Increased diversity contributed to higher productivity.
The IUCN Red List (2004) documents the extinction of 784 species (including 338 vertebrates, 359invertebrates and 87 plants) in the last 500 years. Some examples of recent extinctions include the dodo (Maurititus), quagga (Africa),
thylacine (Australia). Steller's Sea Cow (Russia) and three subspecies (Bali, Javan, Caspian) of tiger.
Presently, 12 percent of all bird species, 23 percent of all mammal species, 32 percent of all amphibian species and 31 percent of all gymnosperm species in the world face the threat of extinction. Causes of biodiversity losses
(i) Habitat loss and fragmentation
(ii) Over-exploitation : Steller's sea cow, passenger pigeon, were extinct due to overexploitation by humans.
Environmental damage was caused and threat was posed on our native species by invasive weed species like carrot grass (Parthenium), Lantana and water hyacinth (Eicchomia). The recent illegal introduction of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus for aquaculture purposes is posing a threat to the indigenous catfishes in rivers.
Amazon forest is estimated to produce, through photosynthesis, 20 percent of the total oxygen in the earth's atmo sphere.
BIOLOGY FOR NEET & AIIMS
Ex.1 One of the following plant species is in endagered list
(A) Eucalyptus (B) Nepenthes
(C) Ceratophyllum (D) Delonix
Sol. (B)
Ex.2 Biodiversity Act of India was passed by the parliament in the year
(A) 1992 (B) 1996
(C) 2000 (D) 2002
Sol. (D) : Biodiversity act of India – In september 202,
India has 581 protected areas of National parks,
Sanctuaries covering 4.7 % land surface against 10
% internationally through this act.
Ex.3 Which of the following regions of our country are known for their rich biodiversity
Or
Which of the following are considered hot-spot of biodiversity in India
(A) Weatern ghats and eastern himalayas
(B) Western ghats and deccan plateau
(C) Eastern himalayas and gangetic plane
(D) Trans himalayas and deccan peninsula
Sol. (A) : Largest region is Deccan, Peninsula and most
biodiversity rich region is Weastern ghats (4 %)
with a very large number of endemic amphibian species.
Ex.4 The following diagram shows different types diversity.
Identify them
(A) A - Beta - diversity, B - Alpha - diversity, C -
Gamma - diversity
(B) A - Gamma - diversity, B - Beta - diversity, C -
Alpha - diversity
(C) A - Gamma - diversity, B - Alpha - diversity, C -
Beta - diversity
(D) A - Gamma - diversity, B - Beta - diversity, C -
Alpha - diversity
Sol. (A)
Ex.5 The following are pie diagrams A, B and C related to proportionate number of species of major taxa of invertebrates, vertebrates and plants respectively.
Study and select the right option in which all the blanks I, II, III and IV are correctly identified.
(A) I - Turtles, II - Amphibians, III - Fungi, IV -
Angiosperms
(B) I - Hexapoda, II - Amphibians, III - Fungi, IV -
Angiosperms
(C) I - Molluscs, II - Amphibians, III - Angiosperms,
IV - Fungi
(D) I - Molluscs, II - Amphibians, III - Fungi, IV -
Angiosperms
Sol. (D)
Ex.6 Total number of identified biodiversity hot spots in
the world is
(A) 25 (B) 24
(C) 40 (D) 34
Sol. (D)
Ex.7 In India the horned rhinoceros is the most important protected species in
Or
The single horned rhinoceros is protecteed at
(A) Dachigam National Park (J & K)
(B) Kazriranga Nation Park (Assam)
(C) Sunderbans National Park (West Bengal)
(D) Dudhwa National National Park (U. P)
Sol. (B)
SOLVED EXAMPLE
1. Endemic plants are those which are
(A) Cosmopolitan in distribution
(B) Restricted to certain area
(C) Found in arctic region
(D) Gregarious in habit
2. Earth Summit at Rio-de-Janero was related to
(A) Soil fertility
(B) Survey of natural resources
(C) Conservation of environment
(D) Prevention of afforestation
3. Each couple should produce only two children which
will help in
(A) Checking pollution
(B) Stabilizing the ecosystem
(C) Fertility of soil
(D) Improving food web
4. One of the following is an endangered plant
(A) Lycopersicum (B) Dalbergia
(C) Cedrus (D) Rauwolffia
5. Red data book provides data on
(A) Red flowered plants
(B) Red coloured fishes
(C) Endangered plants and animals
(D) Red eyed birds
6. World Wild Life Week is
(A) First week of September
(B) First week of October
(C) Third week of October
(D) Last week of October
7. Black buck in India is protected by
(A) Bhils (B) Bishnois
(C) Phasis (D) All tribals
8. Which of the following is most dangerous to wild
life
(A) Over exploitation
(B) Man made forest
(C) Habitat destruction
(D) Introduction of foreign species
9. Which is preserved in National Park
(A) Flora (B) Fauna
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these
10. One of the following plant species is in endangered
list
(A) Eucalyptus (B) Nepenthes
(C) Ceratophyllum (D) Delonix
11. Plant genes of endangered species are stored
(A) Gene library (B) Gene bank
(C) Herbarium (D) None above
12. Red data book is maintained by
(A) IUCNNR
(B) The Bombay Natural History Society
(C) WPSI
(D) IUCN
13. Kew, London is famous for
(A) Being the largest biological reserve
(B) Herbarium
(C) Being the largest botanical garden
(D) Diverse flora and fauna
14. Which of the following species are restricted to a
given area
(A) Sympatric species (B) Allopatric species
(C) Sibling species (D) Endemic species
15. New approach to conservation is the establishment
of
(A) Sancturies (B) Reserve forests
(C) National parks (D) Biosphere reserves
16. The presence of diversity at the junction of territories
of two different habitats is known as
(A) Bottle neck effect (B) Edge effect
(C) Junction effect (D) Pasteur effect
17. Biodiversity Act of India was passed by the
parliament in the year
(A) 1992 (B) 1996
(C) 2000 (D) 2002
18. The most biodiversity rich zone in India
(A) Gangetic planes (B) Trans himalayas
(C) Western Ghats (D) Central India
19. The Environment Protection Act was passed in
(A) 1968 (B) 1974
(C) 1981 (D) 1986
SINGLE Exercise # 1 OBJECTIVE NEET LEVEL
BIOLOGY FOR NEET & AIIMS
1. Which bird is symbol of `Bombay Natural History
Society'
(A) Horn bill (B) Egret
(C) Spoon bill (D) Sun bird
2. 'Central Public Health Engineering Research
Institute' is situated at
(A) Delhi (B) Bombay
(C) Nagpur (D) Bihar
3. 'Central Ganga Water Pollution Board' was
established in
(A) 1982 (B) 1985
(C) 1987 (D) 1989
4. At a time, a lioness usually gives birth to
(A) One cub (B) Two cubs
(C) Three cubs (D) Four cubs
5. National bird of India is
(A) Hornbill
(B) Black swan
(C) Peacock (Pava cristatus)
(D) House sparrow
6. The bird 'Dodo' became extinct because of
(A) Its beautiful feathers
(B) Its fearlessness
(C) Its curved beak
(D) Its melodious songs
7. The lion tailed monkeys 'Malaca Malaca Silenus'
are found only in these regions
(A) Khaziranga and other parts of Assam
(B) Eastern ghats and Madras
(C)Western ghats including Travancore-Mysore
(D) Himalayan mountains
8. What is the generic name of Indian peacock
(A) Pavo cristatus (B) Milvus migrans
(C) Paradise flycatcher (D) Parser domesticus
9. The largest Indian poisonous snake is
(A) Python (B) Krait
(C) Cobra (D) Sea snake
10. Which of the following animal has become almost
extinct in India
(A) Wolf (B) Rhinoceros
(C) Hippopotamus (D) Cheetah
11. Wh ich of the following types of animals does man
chiefly protect
(A) Harmless animals (B) Economically useful
(C) Those likely to perish (D) Feeble animals
12. Animals species should be preserved mainly
because
(A) They are lovely creatures
(B) They are useful to mankind
(C) Man cannot recreate a species of animals if it be
destroyed
(D) Zoologists want to study them
13. Hippopotamus is found in
(A) America (B) Africa
(C) Asia (D) Australia
14. Elephant has very fews hairs while bear has a thick
fur because the bear
(A) Has much more natural enemies
(B) Has not been domesticated
(C) Lives in cold climate
(D) Has to regulate body temperature more
accurately
15. In nature, which of the following animals has the
power of killing the snakes
(A) Falcon (B) Peacock
(C) Squirrel (D) Pangolin
16. In India, commonly available Rhesus monkey is
(A) Macaca mulatta (B) Alouatta
(C) Ateles paniscus (D) Ateles geoffroyi
17. Indian elephant is
(A) Elephas maximus (B) Elephas africana
(C) Loxodonta africana (D) Loxodonta indicus
18. Now-a-days rhino is present in
(A) Asia (B) Africa
(C) America (D) Africa and Asia
19. The leopard or 'tendwa' is zoologically named as
(A) Panthera tigris (B) Panthera leo
(C) Panthera uncia (D) Panthera pardus
20. In elephants the tusks are
Exercise # 2 SINGLE OBJECTIVE AIIMS LEVEL
1. Match the animals given in Column - I with their location in column - II
Column - I Column - II
(A) Dodo (i) Africa
(B) Quagga (ii) Russia
(C) Thylacine (iii) Mauritius
(D) Stellar’s sea cow (iv) Australia
(A) A - (i), B - (iii), C - (ii), D - (iv) (B) A - (iv), B - (iii), C - (i), D - (ii)
(C) A - (iii), B - (i), C - (ii), D - (iv) (D) A - (iii), B - (i), C - (iv), D - (ii)
2. Match Column - I with Column - II and select the correct option from the codes given below.
Column - I Column - II
(A) Lungs of the planet (i) Lantana camara
(B) Reserpine (ii) Amazon rain forests
(C) Anti-cancer drug (iii) Yew tree
(D) Exotic species (iv) Rauwolfia
(A) A - (ii), B - (iv), C - (iii), D - (i) (B) A - (ii), B - (iii), C - (iv), D - (i)
(C) A - (iv), B - (iii), C - (i), D - (ii) (D) A - (ii), B - (iv), C - (i), D - (iii)
3. Match Column - I with Column - II and select the correct option from the codes given below.
Column - I Column - II
(A) Rivet Popper hypothesis (i) Paul Ehrlisch
(B) Long-term ecosystem experiments (ii) David Tilman
using outdoor plots
(C) Species-area relationships (iii) Alexander von Humboldt
(A) A - (iii), B - (i), C - (ii) (B) A - (i), B - (ii), C - (iii)
(C) A - (i), B - (iii), C - (ii) (D) A - (ii), B - (iii), C - (i)
4. Match the countries in Column - I with their respective symbols based on animals in Column -II and select the
correct option from the codes given below.
Column - I Column - II
(A) New Zealand (i) Tiger
(B) India (ii) Kangaroo
(C) Australia (iii) Kiwi
(D) U.S.A (iv) Giant Panda
(E) China (v) Bald eagle
(A) A - (ii), B - (i), C - (iii), D - (v), E - (iv) (B) A - (iii), B - (i), C - (ii), D - (v), E - (iv)
(C) A - (iii), B - (i), C - (ii), D - (iv), E - (v) (D) A - (iv), B - (i), C - (ii), D - (iii), E - (v)
Exercise # 3 PART - 1 MATRIX MATCH COLUMN
BIOLOGY FOR NEET & AIIMS
1 The endangered largest living lemur Idri idri is inhabitant of
(A) Madagascar (B) Mauritius
(C) Sri Lanka (D) India
2. Which group of vertebrates comprises the highest number of endangered species?
(A) Reptiles (B) Birds
(C) Mammals (D) Fishes
3. Which endangered animal is the source of the world's finest, lightest, warmest and most expensive wool - the shahtoosh?
(A) Kashmiri goat (B) Chiru
(C) Nilgai (D) Cheetal
4. In your opinion which is the most effective way to conserve the plant diversity of an area?
(A) By tissue culture method
(B) By creating biosphere reserve
(C) By creating botanical gardens
(D) By developing seed banks
5. Biodiversity act of India was passed by the Parliament in the year
(A) 1996 (B) 1992
(C)2002 (D)2000
6. One of the most important function of botanical garden is that
(A) One can observe tropical plants there
(B) They allow ex situ conservation of germplasm
(C) They provide the natural habitat for wild Life
(D) They provide a beautiful area for recreation
7. According to IUCN Red List, what is the status of red panda (Athurus fulgens) ?
(A) Vulnerable species
(B) Critically endangered species
(C) Extinct species
(D) Endangered species
8. Which of the following is considered a hotspot of biodiversity in India?
(A) Western ghats
(B) Indo-Gangetic plain
(C) Eastern ghats (D) Aravalli hills
9. Which of the following pairs of an animal and a plant represents endangered organisms in India?
(A) Bentinckia nicobarica and red panda
(B) Tamarind and rhesus monkey
(C) Cinchona and leopard
(D) Banyan and black buck
10. Which one of the following is not included under in situ conservation?
(A) Sanctuary (B) Botanical gardens
(C) Biosphere reserve (D) National park
11. Identify the odd combination of the habitat and the particular animal concerned.
(A) Dachigam National - Snow leopard
Park
(B) Sunderbans - Bengal tiger
(C) Periyar - Elephant
(D) Rann of Kutch -Wild ass
12. One of endangered species of Indian medicinal plants is that of
(A) Podophyllum (B) Ocimum
(C) Garlic (D) Nepenthes
13. Which one of the following pairs of organisms are exotic species introduced in India?
(A) Ficus religiosa, Lantana carnara
(B) Lantana camara, water hyacinth
(C) Water hyacinth, Prosopis cineraria
(D) Nile perch, Ficus religiosa
14. ICBN stands for
(A) Indian Congress of Biological Names
(B) International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
(C) International Congress of Biological Names
(D) Indian Code of Botanical Nomenaclature
15. World Summit on Sustainable Development (2002)
was held in
(A) Brazil (B) Sweden
(C) Argentina (D) South Africa
16. Which one of the following is not observed in
biodiversity hot spots?
(A) Endemism
(B) Accelerated species loss
(C) Lesser interspecific competition
(D) Species richness
1. Which is the National Aquatic Animal of India ?
(A) Blue whale (B) Sea-horse (C) Gangetic shark (D) River diolphin
2. The species confined to a particular region and not found elsewhere is termed as
(A) endemic (B) rare (C) keystone (D) alien
3. Given below is the representation of the extent of global diversity of vertebrates. What groups does the portions represent ?
(A) Birds Reptiles Fishes Mammals Amphibians
(B) Mammals Birds Fishes Amphibians Reptiles
(C) Fishes Amphibians Mammals Birds Reptiles
(D) Fishes Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians
4. Given here is a pie chart representation of the extyent of global diversity of invertebrates. What groups the four portions (A-D) represent respectively ?
A
B
C
D
A B C D
(A) Insects Crustaceans Other animal groups Molluscs
(B) Crustaceans Insects Molluscs Other animal groups
(C)Molluscs Other animal groups Crustaceans Insects
(D) Insects Molluscs Crustaceans Other animal group
5. Choose the right one which denotes gentic diversity.
(A) Chromosomes Nucleotides Genes Individuals Populations
(B) Populations Individuals Chromosomes Nucleotides Genes
(C) Genes Nucleotides Chromosomes Individuals Populations
(D) Nucleotides Genes Chromosomes Individuals Populations
6. Biodiversity of a geographical region represents
(A) endangered species found in the region
(B) the diversity in the organisms living in the region
(C) genetic diversity in the dominant species of the region
(D) species endemic to the region
(B) Restricted to certain area
(C) Found in arctic region
(D) Gregarious in habit
2. Earth Summit at Rio-de-Janero was related to
(A) Soil fertility
(B) Survey of natural resources
(C) Conservation of environment
(D) Prevention of afforestation
3. Each couple should produce only two children which
will help in
(A) Checking pollution
(B) Stabilizing the ecosystem
(C) Fertility of soil
(D) Improving food web
4. One of the following is an endangered plant
(A) Lycopersicum (B) Dalbergia
(C) Cedrus (D) Rauwolffia
5. Red data book provides data on
(A) Red flowered plants
(B) Red coloured fishes
(C) Endangered plants and animals
(D) Red eyed birds
6. World Wild Life Week is
(A) First week of September
(B) First week of October
(C) Third week of October
(D) Last week of October
7. Black buck in India is protected by
(A) Bhils (B) Bishnois
(C) Phasis (D) All tribals
8. Which of the following is most dangerous to wild
life
(A) Over exploitation
(B) Man made forest
(C) Habitat destruction
(D) Introduction of foreign species
9. Which is preserved in National Park
(A) Flora (B) Fauna
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these
10. One of the following plant species is in endangered
list
(A) Eucalyptus (B) Nepenthes
(C) Ceratophyllum (D) Delonix
11. Plant genes of endangered species are stored
(A) Gene library (B) Gene bank
(C) Herbarium (D) None above
12. Red data book is maintained by
(A) IUCNNR
(B) The Bombay Natural History Society
(C) WPSI
(D) IUCN
13. Kew, London is famous for
(A) Being the largest biological reserve
(B) Herbarium
(C) Being the largest botanical garden
(D) Diverse flora and fauna
14. Which of the following species are restricted to a
given area
(A) Sympatric species (B) Allopatric species
(C) Sibling species (D) Endemic species
15. New approach to conservation is the establishment
of
(A) Sancturies (B) Reserve forests
(C) National parks (D) Biosphere reserves
16. The presence of diversity at the junction of territories
of two different habitats is known as
(A) Bottle neck effect (B) Edge effect
(C) Junction effect (D) Pasteur effect
17. Biodiversity Act of India was passed by the
parliament in the year
(A) 1992 (B) 1996
(C) 2000 (D) 2002
18. The most biodiversity rich zone in India
(A) Gangetic planes (B) Trans himalayas
(C) Western Ghats (D) Central India
19. The Environment Protection Act was passed in
(A) 1968 (B) 1974
(C) 1981 (D) 1986
SINGLE Exercise # 1 OBJECTIVE NEET LEVEL
BIOLOGY FOR NEET & AIIMS
1. Which bird is symbol of `Bombay Natural History
Society'
(A) Horn bill (B) Egret
(C) Spoon bill (D) Sun bird
2. 'Central Public Health Engineering Research
Institute' is situated at
(A) Delhi (B) Bombay
(C) Nagpur (D) Bihar
3. 'Central Ganga Water Pollution Board' was
established in
(A) 1982 (B) 1985
(C) 1987 (D) 1989
4. At a time, a lioness usually gives birth to
(A) One cub (B) Two cubs
(C) Three cubs (D) Four cubs
5. National bird of India is
(A) Hornbill
(B) Black swan
(C) Peacock (Pava cristatus)
(D) House sparrow
6. The bird 'Dodo' became extinct because of
(A) Its beautiful feathers
(B) Its fearlessness
(C) Its curved beak
(D) Its melodious songs
7. The lion tailed monkeys 'Malaca Malaca Silenus'
are found only in these regions
(A) Khaziranga and other parts of Assam
(B) Eastern ghats and Madras
(C)Western ghats including Travancore-Mysore
(D) Himalayan mountains
8. What is the generic name of Indian peacock
(A) Pavo cristatus (B) Milvus migrans
(C) Paradise flycatcher (D) Parser domesticus
9. The largest Indian poisonous snake is
(A) Python (B) Krait
(C) Cobra (D) Sea snake
10. Which of the following animal has become almost
extinct in India
(A) Wolf (B) Rhinoceros
(C) Hippopotamus (D) Cheetah
11. Wh ich of the following types of animals does man
chiefly protect
(A) Harmless animals (B) Economically useful
(C) Those likely to perish (D) Feeble animals
12. Animals species should be preserved mainly
because
(A) They are lovely creatures
(B) They are useful to mankind
(C) Man cannot recreate a species of animals if it be
destroyed
(D) Zoologists want to study them
13. Hippopotamus is found in
(A) America (B) Africa
(C) Asia (D) Australia
14. Elephant has very fews hairs while bear has a thick
fur because the bear
(A) Has much more natural enemies
(B) Has not been domesticated
(C) Lives in cold climate
(D) Has to regulate body temperature more
accurately
15. In nature, which of the following animals has the
power of killing the snakes
(A) Falcon (B) Peacock
(C) Squirrel (D) Pangolin
16. In India, commonly available Rhesus monkey is
(A) Macaca mulatta (B) Alouatta
(C) Ateles paniscus (D) Ateles geoffroyi
17. Indian elephant is
(A) Elephas maximus (B) Elephas africana
(C) Loxodonta africana (D) Loxodonta indicus
18. Now-a-days rhino is present in
(A) Asia (B) Africa
(C) America (D) Africa and Asia
19. The leopard or 'tendwa' is zoologically named as
(A) Panthera tigris (B) Panthera leo
(C) Panthera uncia (D) Panthera pardus
20. In elephants the tusks are
Exercise # 2 SINGLE OBJECTIVE AIIMS LEVEL
1. Match the animals given in Column - I with their location in column - II
Column - I Column - II
(A) Dodo (i) Africa
(B) Quagga (ii) Russia
(C) Thylacine (iii) Mauritius
(D) Stellar’s sea cow (iv) Australia
(A) A - (i), B - (iii), C - (ii), D - (iv) (B) A - (iv), B - (iii), C - (i), D - (ii)
(C) A - (iii), B - (i), C - (ii), D - (iv) (D) A - (iii), B - (i), C - (iv), D - (ii)
2. Match Column - I with Column - II and select the correct option from the codes given below.
Column - I Column - II
(A) Lungs of the planet (i) Lantana camara
(B) Reserpine (ii) Amazon rain forests
(C) Anti-cancer drug (iii) Yew tree
(D) Exotic species (iv) Rauwolfia
(A) A - (ii), B - (iv), C - (iii), D - (i) (B) A - (ii), B - (iii), C - (iv), D - (i)
(C) A - (iv), B - (iii), C - (i), D - (ii) (D) A - (ii), B - (iv), C - (i), D - (iii)
3. Match Column - I with Column - II and select the correct option from the codes given below.
Column - I Column - II
(A) Rivet Popper hypothesis (i) Paul Ehrlisch
(B) Long-term ecosystem experiments (ii) David Tilman
using outdoor plots
(C) Species-area relationships (iii) Alexander von Humboldt
(A) A - (iii), B - (i), C - (ii) (B) A - (i), B - (ii), C - (iii)
(C) A - (i), B - (iii), C - (ii) (D) A - (ii), B - (iii), C - (i)
4. Match the countries in Column - I with their respective symbols based on animals in Column -II and select the
correct option from the codes given below.
Column - I Column - II
(A) New Zealand (i) Tiger
(B) India (ii) Kangaroo
(C) Australia (iii) Kiwi
(D) U.S.A (iv) Giant Panda
(E) China (v) Bald eagle
(A) A - (ii), B - (i), C - (iii), D - (v), E - (iv) (B) A - (iii), B - (i), C - (ii), D - (v), E - (iv)
(C) A - (iii), B - (i), C - (ii), D - (iv), E - (v) (D) A - (iv), B - (i), C - (ii), D - (iii), E - (v)
Exercise # 3 PART - 1 MATRIX MATCH COLUMN
BIOLOGY FOR NEET & AIIMS
1 The endangered largest living lemur Idri idri is inhabitant of
(A) Madagascar (B) Mauritius
(C) Sri Lanka (D) India
2. Which group of vertebrates comprises the highest number of endangered species?
(A) Reptiles (B) Birds
(C) Mammals (D) Fishes
3. Which endangered animal is the source of the world's finest, lightest, warmest and most expensive wool - the shahtoosh?
(A) Kashmiri goat (B) Chiru
(C) Nilgai (D) Cheetal
4. In your opinion which is the most effective way to conserve the plant diversity of an area?
(A) By tissue culture method
(B) By creating biosphere reserve
(C) By creating botanical gardens
(D) By developing seed banks
5. Biodiversity act of India was passed by the Parliament in the year
(A) 1996 (B) 1992
(C)2002 (D)2000
6. One of the most important function of botanical garden is that
(A) One can observe tropical plants there
(B) They allow ex situ conservation of germplasm
(C) They provide the natural habitat for wild Life
(D) They provide a beautiful area for recreation
7. According to IUCN Red List, what is the status of red panda (Athurus fulgens) ?
(A) Vulnerable species
(B) Critically endangered species
(C) Extinct species
(D) Endangered species
8. Which of the following is considered a hotspot of biodiversity in India?
(A) Western ghats
(B) Indo-Gangetic plain
(C) Eastern ghats (D) Aravalli hills
9. Which of the following pairs of an animal and a plant represents endangered organisms in India?
(A) Bentinckia nicobarica and red panda
(B) Tamarind and rhesus monkey
(C) Cinchona and leopard
(D) Banyan and black buck
10. Which one of the following is not included under in situ conservation?
(A) Sanctuary (B) Botanical gardens
(C) Biosphere reserve (D) National park
11. Identify the odd combination of the habitat and the particular animal concerned.
(A) Dachigam National - Snow leopard
Park
(B) Sunderbans - Bengal tiger
(C) Periyar - Elephant
(D) Rann of Kutch -Wild ass
12. One of endangered species of Indian medicinal plants is that of
(A) Podophyllum (B) Ocimum
(C) Garlic (D) Nepenthes
13. Which one of the following pairs of organisms are exotic species introduced in India?
(A) Ficus religiosa, Lantana carnara
(B) Lantana camara, water hyacinth
(C) Water hyacinth, Prosopis cineraria
(D) Nile perch, Ficus religiosa
14. ICBN stands for
(A) Indian Congress of Biological Names
(B) International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
(C) International Congress of Biological Names
(D) Indian Code of Botanical Nomenaclature
15. World Summit on Sustainable Development (2002)
was held in
(A) Brazil (B) Sweden
(C) Argentina (D) South Africa
16. Which one of the following is not observed in
biodiversity hot spots?
(A) Endemism
(B) Accelerated species loss
(C) Lesser interspecific competition
(D) Species richness
1. Which is the National Aquatic Animal of India ?
(A) Blue whale (B) Sea-horse (C) Gangetic shark (D) River diolphin
2. The species confined to a particular region and not found elsewhere is termed as
(A) endemic (B) rare (C) keystone (D) alien
3. Given below is the representation of the extent of global diversity of vertebrates. What groups does the portions represent ?
(A) Birds Reptiles Fishes Mammals Amphibians
(B) Mammals Birds Fishes Amphibians Reptiles
(C) Fishes Amphibians Mammals Birds Reptiles
(D) Fishes Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians
4. Given here is a pie chart representation of the extyent of global diversity of invertebrates. What groups the four portions (A-D) represent respectively ?
A
B
C
D
A B C D
(A) Insects Crustaceans Other animal groups Molluscs
(B) Crustaceans Insects Molluscs Other animal groups
(C)Molluscs Other animal groups Crustaceans Insects
(D) Insects Molluscs Crustaceans Other animal group
5. Choose the right one which denotes gentic diversity.
(A) Chromosomes Nucleotides Genes Individuals Populations
(B) Populations Individuals Chromosomes Nucleotides Genes
(C) Genes Nucleotides Chromosomes Individuals Populations
(D) Nucleotides Genes Chromosomes Individuals Populations
6. Biodiversity of a geographical region represents
(A) endangered species found in the region
(B) the diversity in the organisms living in the region
(C) genetic diversity in the dominant species of the region
(D) species endemic to the region
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