NEET BIOLOGY Unit21 STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS

NEET BIOLOGY 

Unit21 STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS

Animal Tissue

Animal tissue term was given by Bichat (Father of Histology). Histology term was given by Mayer. Marcello malpighi (Father of Microscopic Anatomy) – Studied in detail.
Tissue is a group of cells which are similar in structure origin and function.

KINDS OF TISSUES : On the basis of function and location the tissues are of four types-

 

 EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Features : It has no blood supply & cells are closely packed. Intercellular space or matrix is absent. Epithelial Tissue are of two major categories. Types of epithelial tissues -
1. Covering Epithelial Tissues include simple and compound epithelium.
A. Simple epithelium- single layer of cell
(i) Simple squamous Epithelium : Thinnest epithelium. Simple squamous Epithelium is tiles like, so called pavement epithelium. Example - Alveoli of lungs, Bowman's capsule of Nephron, Loop of Henle (descending limb) and thin segment of ascending limb.
(ii) Simple cuboidal epithelium : Made up of cuboidal cells. Example -Vesicles of thyroid, Acini of Pancreas, Distal convoluted tubule of nephron, Germinal epithelium of seminiferous tubules of testes (They form gametes), Inner most layer of ovary, Proximal convoluted tubule of nephron. Microvilli are present on cuboidal cells of PCT.
(iii) Simple Columnar Epithelium : Cell are long and Pillar like. At the base of cells elongated nucleus is present. It is present in Bile duct.
B. Compound epithelium - Multiple cell layer. It is divided into transitional and stratified epithelium. 

It is of two type-
(i) Transitional Epithelium (Plastic epithelium) : Stretchable and Water proof epithelium. Only epithelium in which basement membrane absent. Ex. Renal pelvis, Urinary Bladder, Ureter, Proximal Part of Urethra etc.
(ii) Stratified Epithelium : Non Elastic. Basement membrane present. On the basis of shape of outer most layer, it is divided into three.
(a) Stratified Squamous Epithelium - Outer layer of cells are flat and innermost cuboidal.
(i) Keratinized Eg. Epidermis of skin.
(ii) Non Keratinised Eg. Buccopharyngeal cavity, Oesophagus, Vagina, Cornea of eye.
(b) Stratified cuboidal epithelium - Inner most layer cuboidal and Outer most layer cuboidal e.g. Conjuctiva, Duct of sweat gland, Female urethra.
(c) Stratified columnar epithelium – Two types -
(i) Ciliated stratified columnar epithelium - Outer most layer columnar and cilia is present. Eg. Epithelium of larynx, Upper part of soft palate, Ciliated epithelium is present in buccal cavity of frog.
(ii) Non ciliated stratified columnar epithelium e.g. Male urethra & epiglottis.
2. Glandular Epithelial Tissues - include glands.

GLANDULAR TISSUE (EXOCRINE GLANDS)
Gland – Group of Cells which secrete specific chemical is called as gland.

 

NEET Tips & Formulas

A tissue is defined as group of cells along with intercelluar substance having similar a origin and performing similar function.
EPITHELIUM TISSUE
(i) Epithelium tissue has a free surface, which faces either a body fluid or the out side environment.
(ii) Epithelium is of two type : simple and compound epithelium .
(iii) Simple epithelium is made up of a single layer of cells and functions as a lining for body cavities, ducts and tubes. The compound epithelium consists of two or more cell layers and has protective function.
(iv) Simple squamous epithelium is made of a single layer of flattened cell with irregular boundaries. Found in blood vessel and inner lining ·on lungs and are involved in forming a diffusion boudary.
(v) The cuboidal epithelium is commonly found in ducts of glands and tubular part of nephrons and its main function is secretion and absorption.
(vi)The columnar epithelium is made up of pillar shaped cells in which nucleus is located at the base. When free surface has microvilli, found in the lining of stomach and intestine.
(vii)When their free surface has cilia they are called as ciliated epithelium, found in the lining of bronchioles and fallopian tubes.
(viii)Compound epithelium has a limited role in secretion and absorption. Their main function is to provide protection against chemical and mechanical stresses. They cover the moist surface of buccal cavity, pharynx, inner lining of ducts of salivary gland and of pancreatic ducts.
(ix) Some of columnar or cuboidal cells get specialised for secretion and are called as glandular epithelium. They are mainly of two types, unicellular {goblet cells) and multicellular (salivary glands)
(x) On the basis of mode of pouring their secretion glands are exocrine and endocrine.

Three types of cell junctions are found in epithelium :
(1) Tight junction (help to stop substances from leaking across a tissue)
(2) Adhering junctions (perform cementing - to keep neighbouring cells together)
(3) Gap junction (for rapid transfer of ions, small molecules and some times big molecules)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(i) Connective tissue are most abundant and widely distributed in the body .
(ii) Their special function are linking and supporting other tissues/organs of the body .
(iii) In all connective tissues except blood the cells secret fibres like collagen, elastic and reticular .
(iv) These cells also secrete modified polysaccharides which accumulate between cells and fibres which acts as matrix
(ground substance).
Connective tissues are classified into three types
(1) Loose connective tissue.
(2) Dense connective tissue.
(3) Specialised conr1ective tissue.
(a)Loose connective tissue consists of Areolar and Adipose tissue, present beneath the skin.
(b)In Dense connective tissue fibres and fibroblasts are-compactly packed.
(c)Dence connective can be regular namely Tendon and Ligament where as irregular are oriented differently in the
skin.
(v) In cartilage intercellular material is solid and pliable e.g.- tip of nose, ear pinna etc.
(vi) Bone have a hard and non-pliable ground substance rich in calcium salt. Bone cells (osteocytes) are present in the
Lacunae. The bone marrow in some bone is the site of production of blood cells.
(vii) Blood is fluid connective tissue containing plasma, RBC, WBC and platelets. It is main circulating fluid that helps in
the transport of various substances.
STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION IN ANIMALS
Ex.1 Name the type of tissue that form gland
(A) Epithelial (B) Muscular
(C) Squamous (D) Cuboidal
Sol. (A)
Ex.2 The cell junctions called tight, adhering and gap
junctions are found in
(A)Muscular tissue (B) Connective tissue
(C) Epithelial tisssue (D) Neural tissue
Sol. (C)
Ex.3 The cells lining the blood vessels belongs to the
category of
(A) Columnar epithelium
(B) Connective tissue
(C) Smooth muscle tissue
(D) Squamous epithelium
Sol. (D)
Ex.4 The ciliated columnar epithelium cells in humans
are known to occur in
(A) Fallopian tubes and urethra
(B) Eustachain tube and stomach lining
(C) Bronchioles and Fallopian tubes
(D) Bile duct and oesophagus
Sol. (C) : Ciliated columnar epithelium lines bronchioles
and fallopian tubes.
Ex.5 Given below is the diagrammatic sketch of a certain
type of connective tissue. Identify the parts labelled
A, B, C and D and select the right option about them
Part - A Part - B Part - C Part - D
(A)Macro-phage, Fibroblast, Collagen fibres, Mast cells
(B) Mast cell , Macro-phage, Fibroblast, Collagen, fibres
(C) Macro-phage, Collagen fibres, Fibroblast , Mast cell
(D) Mast cell, Collagen fibres, Fibroblast, Macro-phage
Sol. (A) Correct labeling as follws :
Ex.6 Haversian system is a diagnostic feature of
(A) Avian bones
(B) All animals
(C) Mammalian bones only
(D) Reptilian bones
Sol. (C) : Mammalian bone is characterized by the
presence of haversian system or osteon. Osteon is
a basic structural unit of mammalian bone consisting
of the haversian canal, lamellae and lacunae.
Ex.7 The supportive skeletal structures in the human
external ears and in the nose tip are examples of
(A) Ligament (B) Areolar tissue
(C) Bone (D) Cartilage
Sol. (D) : Cartilage is a type of connective tissue which
is present in human external ears and in the nose tip.
Ex.8 Bone-forming cells are known as :
(A) Chondroclasts (B) Osteoblasts
(C) Chondroblasts (D) Osteoclasts
Sol. (B)
Ex.9 A matured mammalian (RBC) is unusual because
(A) It exhibits diapedsis
(B) It is colourless
(C) It has no nucleus
(D) It can change its shape
Sol. (C)
Ex.10 Which of the following is not phagocytic in nature
(A) Monocyte
(B) Lymphocyte
(C) Mast cell
(D) Neutrophil

SOLVED EXAMPLE
IIT-JEE | PRE-MEDICAL | CBSE | FOUNDATION
BIOLOGY FOR NEET & AIIMS
1. Human RBCs in 1.5% salt solution will :
(A) burst (B) shrink
(C) seal up (D) remains unaffeced
2. Volkmann’s canals are found in-
(A) bones of birds (B) bones of mammals
(C) bones of amphibians(D) cartilage of mammals
3. Ends of long bone are covered with :
(A) muscles (B) ligaments
(C) cartilage (D) blood cells
4. Sarcomere is a segment of striated muscle fibre between :
(A) M-lines (B) Z-lines
(C) H-zones (D) I-bands
5. This one is the characteristic of epithelial tissue-
(A) Tissue are highly vascularized
(B) These cells never produce glands
(C) The cells will have a rapid rate of cell division
(D) Large intercellular spaces are seen between cells
6. The joint between axon of a neuron and the dendrite
of the next is called-
(A) Synapse (B) Bridge
(C) Junction (D) Joint
7. Bones joints are made up of-
(A) Cardiac muscles (B) Elastin fibres
(C) Skeletal muscle fibres(D) Collagen fibres
8. In Pheretima blood glands are found in which of the
following segments ?
(A) 1, 2, 3 (B) 7, 8, 9
(C) 4, 5, 6 (D) 10, 11, 12
9. How many lateral hearts are in Pheretima?
(A) 12 (B) 16
(C) 8 (D) 4
10. In Pheretima mouth develops form which of the following ?
(A) Ectoderm (B) Mesoderm
(C) Blastopore (D) Endoderm
11. The animal which respires without respiratory organs is-
(A) Frog (B) Fish
(C) Earthworm (D) Cockroach
12. Neurons of Pheretima are-
(A) Only motor (B) Only adjustor
(C) Only Sensory (D) All
13. In Pheretima, locomotion occurs with the help of :
(A) circular muscles
(B) longitudinal muscles and setae
(C) circular, longitudinal muscles and setae
(D) parapodia
14. Earthworm takes food by which method-
(A) Ciliary feeding (B) Detritus feeding
(C) Liquid feeding (D) None of these
15. Mandibles are present in the mouth parts of -
(A) locust (B) cockroach
(C) bedbug (D) housefly
16. The palpiger of cockroach bears -
(A) lingula (B) submentum
(C) labrum (D) labial palp
17. Which one of the following mouth parts are found in
Cockroach ?
(A) Cutting and chewing (B) Piercing
(C) Sucking (D) Drilling
18. Basic unit of compound eyes of Cockroach is:
(A) ocselli (B) ommatidia
(C) ratinule (D) crystalline cone
Exercise # 1 SINGLE OBJECTIVE NEET LEVEL
STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION IN ANIMALS
1. Which one of the following anticoagulant is added
in blood during storage-
(A) Sodium carbonate (B) Sodium oxalate
(C) Sodium chloride (D) Sodium hydroxide
2. Haversian canals are interconnected by-
(A) Hyloid canal (B) Volkmann's canale
(C) Clockwatt's canal (D) Schliman's canal
3. White adipose tissue contains-
(A) Multilocular fat cells (B) Bilocular fat cells
(C) Unilocular fat cells (D) Alocular fat cells
4. Haversian canal is found in the bone of-
(A) Mammals (B) Reptiles
(C) Aves (D) Pices
5. Most radiosensitive tissue of body is-
(A) Bone marrow (B) Platelet
(C) Nervous tissue (D) Lymphocyte
6. Which one of the following contain the largest
quantity of extra cellular material -
(A) Striated muscle
(B) Areolar Tissue
(C) Stratified layer
(D) Myelinated nerve fibre
7. Ventricles of brain are lined by the cells called-
(A) Ependymal (B) Neuron cells
(C) Neuroglea (D) Schwann's cells
8. In earthworm gizzard is found in which segment-
(A) 7 (B) 8
(C) 9 (D) 10
9. Cocoon is formed in earthworns in-
(A) Chitinous setae (B) Cutitcle
(C) Clitellum (D) Epidermal muscles
10. Chloragogen cells are found in :-
(A) Blood of cockroach
(B) Blood of earthworm
(C) Coelomic fluid of earthworm
(D) body wall of Leucosolenia
11. Main function of porphyrin pigment present in earthworm:-
(A) Help in respiration
(B) Helps in reproduction
(C) Makes the worm beautiful
(D) Protection from adverse effects of sun
12. Type of body cavity (Coelom) in earthworm is :-
(A) Acoelomic (B) Schizocoel
(C) Haemocoelic (D) Enterocoelic
13. The enormous amount in saliva of cockroach-
(A) Amylase (B) Protease
(C) Lipase (D) None
14. In cockroach number of segments in muscle abdomen
are-
(A) 10 (B) 12
(C) 14 (D) 16
15. Most swollen segment in leg cockroach is :
(A) Tarsus (B) Coxa
(C) Femur (D) Trochanter
16. Main character for the distinction between male and
female cockroach :
(A) Antennae (B) Mandibles
(C) Anal cerci (D) Anal style
17. Anal styles are found in :
(A) Housefly
(B) Female cockroach
(C) Male cockroach
(D) Both male & female cockroach
18. Head of frog is .... and its anterior conical part is
called :-
(A) circular, snout (B) triangular, snout
(C) rectangular, snout (D) pentagonal, snout
19. Select the true statement regarding frog (Rana
tigrina):-
(A) Frog is a homeothermal animal
(B) Frog drinks about 5 litres H2O per day
(C) poisonous glands are not found on the body of
frog.
(D) A very long tail is present in posterior part of
frog's body.
Exercise # 2 SINGLE OBJECTIVE AIIMS LEVEL
BIOLOGY FOR NEET & AIIMS
1. Which one of the following is correct pairing of a body part and the kind of muscle tissue that moves it?
(A) Biceps of upper arm – Smooth muscle fibres
(B) Abdominal wall – Voluntary smooth muscle
(C) Iris – Involuntary smooth muscle
(D) Heart wall – Involuntary unstriated muscle
2. Match Colum I with Column - I and select the correct option from the codes given below.
Column I Column II
A. Simple columnar i. Wall of heart epithelium
B. Cardiac muscle ii. Bone joints
C. Adipose tissue iii. Inner lining of stomach and intestine
D. Hyaline cartilage iv. Below the skin in the abdomen, buttockes, thighs and
breasts
v. Diaphragm
(A) A-iii, B-i, C-ii, D-iv (B) A-iii, B-v, C-ii, D-iv
(C) A-i, B-iii, C-iv, D-v. (D) A-iii, B-i, C-iv, D-ii
3. Which of the following is a wrongly matched pair?
(A) Unicellular glandular cells – Goblet cell
(B) Saliva – Exocrine secretion
(C) Fusiform fibres – Smooth muscle
(D) Cartilage – Areolar tissue
4. Match Column-I with Column -II and select the correct option from the codes given below.
Column-I Column-II
A. Hyaline cartilage i. Pectoral girdle of frog
B. Fibrous cartilage ii. Long bones, sternum, ribs
C. Elastic cartilage iii. Pubic symphysis
D. Calcified cartilage iv. Eustachian tube, epiglottis
(A) A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv (B) A-ii, B-iii, C-iv, D-i
(C) A-ii, B-iv, C-iii, D-i (D) A-iv, B-iii, C-ii, D-i
5. Which one of the following structures in Pheretima is correctly matched with its function?
(A) Clitellum – Secretes cocoon
(B) Gizzard – Absorbs digested food
(C) Setae – Provides defence against predators
(D) Typhlosole – Storage of extra nutrients
6. Which of the following structure is correctly matched with its description?
(A) Septal nephridia and – Both are exonephric pharyngeal nephridia
(B) Typhlosole – Helps in grinding the soil particles and decaying leaves.
(C) Hepatic caeca – Blind tubules present at the junction of foregut and mid-gut in the alimentary canal
of the cockroach.
(D) Gizzard – Internal median fold present in the dorsal wall of the intestine of earthworm.
Exercise # 3 PART - 1 MATRIX MATCH COLUMN
1. The polysaccharide present in the matrix of cartilage
is known as [CBSE AIPMT-2000]
(A) cartilagin (B) ossein
(C) chondriotin (D) casein
2. Simple epithelium is a tissue in which the cells are
[CBSE AIPMT-2000]
(A) hardened and provide support to the organ
(B) cemented directly to one another to form a single
layer
(C) continuously dividing to provide form to an organ
(D) loosely connected to one another to form an
irregular organ
3. If a piece of bone such as femur of frog is kept in
dilute HCl for about a week. It will
[CBSE AIPMT-2000]
(A) assume black colour (B) shrink in size
(C) turn flexible (D) crack into pieces
4. Which cells do not form layer and remain structurally
separate ? [CBSE AIPMT-2001]
(A) Epithelial cells (B) Muscle cells
(C) nerve cells (D) Gland cells
5. During an injury nasal septum gets damaged and
for its recovery which cartilage is preferred?
[CBSE AIPMT-2001]
(A) Hyaline cartilage (B) Elastic cartilage
(C) Calcified cartilage (D) Fibrous cartilage
6. Which cartilage is present at the end of long bones?
[CBSE AIPMT-2002]
(A) Calcified cartilage (B) Hyaline cartilage
(C) Elastic cartilage (D) Fibrous cartilage
7. Which one of the following contains the largest
quantity of extracellular material?
[CBSE AIPMT-2003]
(A) Myelinated nerve fibres
(B) Striated muscle
(C) Areolar tissue
(D) Stratified epithelium
8. Mast cells of connective tissue contain
[CBSE AIPMT-2004]
(A) vasopressin and relaxin
(B) heparin and histamine
(C) heparin and calcitonin
(D) serotonin and melanin
9. Areolar connective tissue joins
[CBSE AIPMT-2006]
(A) integument with muscles
(B) bones with muscles
(C) bones with bones
(D) fat body with muscles
10. A drop of each of the following, is placed separately
on four slides. Which of them will not coagulate?
[CBSE AIPMT-2007]
(A) Blood plasma
(B) Blood serum
(C) Sample from the thoracic duct of lymphatic system
(D) Whole blood from pulmonary vein
11. In which one of the following preparations are you
likely to come across cell junctions
[CBSE AIPMT-2007]
(A) Ciliated epithelium (B) Thrombocytes
(C) Tendon (D) Hyaline cartilage
12. Which one of the following mammalian cells is not
capable of metabolising glucose to carbon-dioxide
aerobically [CBSE AIPMT-2007]
(A) Red blood cells (B)White blood cells
(C) Unstriated muscle cells(D) liver cells
13. Which type of white blood cells are concerned with
the release of histamine and the natural anticoagulant
heparin [CBSE AIPMT-2008]
(A) Neutrophils (B) Basophils
(C) Eosinophils (D) Red blood cells
14. The most active phagocytic white blood cells are
[CBSE AIPMT-2008]
(A) neutrophils and eosinophils
(B) lymphocytes and macrophages
(C) eosinophils and lymphocytes
(D) neutrophils and monocytes
Exercise # 4 PART - 1 PREVIOUS YEAR (NEET/AIPMT)
BIOLOGY FOR NEET & AIIMS
1. Pseudostratified epithelium is found in
(A) seminiferous tubule (B) Fallopian tube (C) trachea (D) kidney tubules
2. Assertion : Gap junctions perform cementing function to keep the neighbouring cells together.
Reason : Tight junctions facilitate the cell to communicate with each other by connecting the cytoplasm of adjoining
cells, for rapid transfer of ions, small and big molecules, etc.
(A) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(B) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(C) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(D) Both assertion and reason are false.
3. Choose the wrong statement.
(A) Tight junctions help to stop substances from leaking across a tissue.
(B) Adhering junctions perform cementing to keep neighbouring cells together.
(C) Gap junction facilitate the cells to communicate with each other by connecting the nuclei of adjoining cells.
(D) Compound epithelium has a limited role in secretion and absorption.
4. Match the following.
Column - I Column - II
A. Squamous epithelium i. Bone
B. Dense regular connective tissue ii. Skin
C. Glandular epithelium iii. Air sacs of lungs
D. Specialised connective tissue iv. Tendon
E. Dense irregular connective tissue v. Goblet cells
(A) A-ii, B-v, C-iii, D-iv, E-i (B) A-iii, B-v, C-i, D-ii, E-iv
(C) A-iii, B-iv, C-v, D-i, E-ii (D) A-v, B-i, C-ii, D-iv, E-iii
(E) A-iv, B-iii, C-v, D-ii, E-i
5. Choose the incorrect statement from the following.
(A) Adipose tissue is a type of dense connective tissue.
(B) Tendons attach muscle to bone.
(C) Cartilage is made up of chondrocytes.
(D) Ciliated epithelium is the modified columnar epithelium.
6. The function of the gap junction is to
(A) separate two cells from each other
(B) stop substance from leaking across a tissue
(C) performing cementing to keep neighbouring cells together
(D) facilitate communication between adjoining cells by connecting the cytoplam for rapid transfer of ions, small
molecules and some large molecules.
7. Most of the cartilages in vertebrate embryo are replaced in adult by
(A) blood (B) bones (C) tendons (D) ligaments
(E) muscle