NEET Biology Unit 12 PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN HIGHER PLANTS

NEET Biology NCERT Unit 12 

PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN HIGHER PLANTS

Introduction
The process in which green parts of the manufacture or synthesize complex organic food
substances using carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and release
oxygen as a by-product. In this process, energy from the sun is converted into chemical
energy. It is endergonic, anabolic and oxido-reduction process. Photosynthesis is
important due to two reasons: it is the primary source of all food on earth . It is also
responsible for the release of oxygen into the atmosphere by green plants

History of Photosynthesis
 Aristotle and Theophrastus (320 BC) :– Stated that plants absorb all food matter from soil (Humus theory).
 Van Helmont (1648) :– By weighing the Willow plant, concluded that plant take up their food mostly from soil water.
 J. Woodbard (1699) :– Besides water, soil also increases the weight of plants.
 Stephen Hales (1727) :– Recognised the importance of air (CO2) and light for photosynthesis (nourishment) in plants. He is considered as discoverer of photosynthesis and "Father of plant physiology".
 J. Priestley (1772) :– He carried out very interesting experiment on Bell jar, Rat, Pudina & Candle. He came to conclude that plants purify air (burning of candles) and gaseous exchange occurs during photosynthesis.
 Jan Ingenhousz (1779) :– He explained the importance of light and green colour and also suggested the O2 releases in the presence of light by green parts.
 Senebier (1782) :– Green plants absorb CO2 from atmosphere and when the concentration of CO2 increases the rate of O2 evolution also increases.
 N. De–Saussure (1804) :– Clarified that released O2 is equal to the absorbed CO2. He realised the significance of H2O in this process. De–Saussure stated that O2 comes from CO2 during photosynthesis. (Later on it was disproved by Van Niel)
 Pallatier & Caventou (1818) :– They named green pigment as 'Chlorophyll' and isolated the chlorphyll with the help of alcohol.
 Englemann (1888) :– Described action spectrum of photosynthesis with the help of Spirogyra/Cladophora and aerobic bacteria experiment.
 Mayer (1845) :– Green plants convert solar energy into chemical (potential) energy in the form of organic substance. He gave law of conservation of energy. Formation of organic matter recognised by Mayer.
 Liebig (1845) :– Organic matter are derived from CO2 and H2O, during the process of photosynthesis.
 J. V. Sachs (1862) :– Recognised the relation among photosynthesis, chloroplast and starch. First visible product of photosynthesis is starch. Founder of modern concept of photosynthesis. Some people consider Sachs as father of plant physiology. Three cardinal point concept wal also given by him.
 Willstater, Stall Fisher :– Chemistry, structure and properties of Chl–a, and nobel prize winner.
 F. F. Blackman (1905) :– Dark reaction associated with light reaction in photosynthesis and law of limiting factors.
 Warburg (1920) :– Intermittent or flash light experiment on Chlorella and proved that dark reaction exists in photosynthesis.
 Emerson and Arnold (1932) :– Concept of two pigment system (photosystem) in light reaction. Red drop & Emerson enhancement effect.
 Van Niel :– O2 releases from water and O2 of glucose comes from CO2.

 Robert Hill & Bendal (1937) :– Detailed study of light reaction in isolated chloroplast of stellaria.
Photolysis of H2O is the chief role of chloroplast and evolution of O2 only in the presence of suitable e– acceptor, from water in photosynthesis. (Hill–reaction)
 Ruben, Hassid & Kamen (1941) :– Used O18 to experimentally show that O2 in photosynthesis released from water.

"Photosynthesis is a photo–biochemical process, in which organic compounds are synthesized from the inorganic raw materials (H2O & CO2) in presence of light energy and pigments (chl.) gas–oxygen evolved as byproduct." First true & oxygenic photosynthesis started in cyanobacteria (BGA).
Roots of Tinospora and Trapa are photosynthetic.
Modern view about photosynthesis is conversion of light/radiant energy into biochemical or potential energy.
Absorption spectrum for photosynthesis in visible light is blue & red wavelength.
Action spectrum is red & blue light in which rate of photosynthesis is higher.
(But rate of photosynthesis is highest in white light than monochromatic light).

Function of accessory pigment carotene is –
1. Converts elementary or nasent oxygen to molecular/gaseous O2.

2. Protects photooxidation (photodamaging) of pigment system.
3. Precursor of vit.–A.
4. Oxidation to form ABA hormone in guard cells.
Chlorophyll pigment soluble in organic solvents like acetone, ether etc. (anthocyanin is non photosynthetic water soluble pigment, which present in vacuole).
Chloroplast in bundle sheath of Burmuda grass is also granal type.
Photolysis of water occurs at +0.8 E°
In cyanobacteria (BGA), photosynthesis occurs on chlorosomes or lamellisome or carboxysome.
PS–I is strong reductant as PS–I has good ability to reduce NADP+, while PS-II is a strong oxidant, because it has extreme power of oxidation & photolysis of water molecule.
264 gm. CO2 and 216 gm. water produced, 108 gm. water, 192 gm. O2 and 180 gm. glucose.
Annual production of photosynthesis is 170 billion tones of carbohydrate.
Wilmott’s bubbler apparatus proves that oxygen is evolved during photosynthesis.
Cytochromes are Iron – porphyrin protein discoverd by MacMunn (termed by Keilin).
Pigments except chlorophyll, presents in Quantasomes are called as accessory or antenna pigment of light harvesting complex (LHC).
Electroosmotic theory - By Spanner and Jones for translocation of sugars.
Chollet and Ogren (1975) - Recognised 3 categories of C4 plants.
(i) Maize and Sugarcane type : In this category malate transported to bundle sheath cells and its decarboxylation gives CO2 for C3 cycle.
(ii) Panicum and Chloris type :- In this category malate transported into bundle sheath cells, but this changes into oxaloacetate, which gives CO2 for C3 cycle.
(iii) Atriplex type :- In this category the aspartate transported into bundle sheath cells, where it changes into malate, which provides CO2 for C3 cycle.
Mg++ required for Rubisco & PEPcase
Ist formed unstable 6-C compound during Calvin cycle is carboxy ketoribitol biphosphate.
Significance of photosynthesis –
Photosynthesis is vital process for life on planet earth as it is the only process, that links the physical and biological world by conversation of solar energy into organic matter, which make bulk of the dry matter of any organism.
Presence of O2 in the atmosphere is also an outcome of photosynthesis. This oxygen is helpful to living organisms in two ways :
1. Oxidative break down of organic food matter (respiration)
2. Making ozone (O3), in outer layer of atmosphere, which helps in stopping the highly destructive U.V. rays.
Efficiency of photosynthesis –
One quantum of red light = 47.6 Kcal (One red photon or quantum = 47.6 Kcal)
One glucose = 686 Kcal. (1 CH2O = 114.3 Kcal)
8 Quantum × 47.6 Kcal = 381 Kcal energy require for fixation of one CO2

NEET BIOLOGY SHORT TRICKS

 It is an physicochemical process .
 Half leaf experiment showed that CO2 is required for photosynthesis .
 Joseph Priestley -Proposed the Concept of gaseous exchange by plants with the help of bell jar experiment.
 Jan Ingenhousz -Showed the importance of Sunlight and Green colour in photosynthesis by using a similar setup as the one used by Priestley.
 Julius von Sachs -Provided evidence for production of glucose and its storage as starch.
 T.W. Engelmann -Proposed action spectrum of photosynthesis i.e. Red -blue. Experiment on green filamentous alga Cladophora.
 Cornelius Van Niel -Suggested that O2 evolved during photosynthesis comes from H2O, not from CO2 . Experiments on purple and green sulphur bacteria.
 There is a clear division of labour (distribution of work) within the chloroplast i.e. membrane system (grana thylakoids and stroma lamellae) is responsible for light reaction and stroma for dark reaction.
 In the chromatogram, chlorophyll 'a' shows bright or blue green colour, chloropyll 'b' shows yellow green colour,
xanthophyll - yellow & carotenes - yellow - orange.
 Absorption spectrum of photosynthesis - blue red.
 Action spectrum of photosynthesis - red blue.
 Accessory pigments (chlorophylls other than reaction centre, xanthophylls and carotenoids) absorb light and
transfer the energy to chlorophyll a (reaction centre) thus enhance the efficiency and range of absorption for photosynthesis. These pigments also protect chlorophyll a from photo-oxiation.
 One molecule of chlorophyll a (reaction centre) + Antennae molecules (LHC = Light Harvesting Complex) = Photosystem.
PS-I - Reaction centre (Chi 'a' 700 or P700)
PS-II - Reaction centre (Chi 'a' 680 or P 680)
P = Peak of absorption
 Noncyclic photophosphorylation is called the Z scheme (due to characteristic shape on a redox potential scale)
Water splitting (Photolysis of water) occurs on the inner side (lumen side) of the thylakoid membrane . Products of noncyclic photophosphorylation - ATP, NADPH + H+ and O2 .
 Product of cyclic photophosphorylation - ATP .
 Products of light reaction which are utilised in dark reaction - ATP & NADPH + H+ .
 In grana thylakoid - both noncyclic & cyclic process occurs .
 In stroma thylakoid - only cyclic process occurs because stroma thylakoid / lamellae lack PS-II as well as NADP reductase enzyme.
 Primary electron acceptor from PS-I : - Fe-S protein (FRS)
 Primary electron acceptor from PS-II : - Pheophytin .
 The chemiosmotic hypothesis has been put forward by Peter Mitchell to explain the mechanism of ATP synthesis in chloroplast (Photophosphorylation) and Mitochondria (oxidative phosphorylation). According to this hypothesis,
ATP synthesis is linked to development of a proton gradient across a membrane (Thylakoid membrane in chloroplast and Inner membrane in mitochondria).

SOLVED EXAMPLES

BIOLOGY MCQ

Ex.1 The law of limiting factor for photosynthesis was

enunciated by

(A) Blackman (B) Hill

(C) Ruben (D) Kalmen

Sol. (A) : Blackman propounded the law of limiting

factors. He also proposed the occurrence of the dark

phase in photosynthesis.

Ex.2 Emerson's enhancement effect and Red drop have

been instrumental in the discovery of

(A) Photophosphorylation and non-cyclic electron

transport

(B) Two photosystems operating simultaneously

(C) Photophosphorylation and cyclic electron

transport

(D) Oxidative phosphorylation

Sol. (B)

Ex.3 Isotopes popularly known to have been used in the

study of photosynthesis are

Or

Which of the following isotope of carbon was used

by Calvin to trace the path of carbon in

photosynthesis

(A) C14 and O18 (B) C11 and C32

(C) C16 and N15 (D) P32 and C15

Sol. (A) : C14 isotope used for knowing carbon path and

O18 used for verified that source of O2 in

photosynthesis is H2O, not CO2

Ex.4 The first event in photosynthesis is

(A) Synthesis of ATP

(B) Photoexcitation of chlorophyll and ejection of

electron

(C) Photolysis of water

(D) Release of oxygen

Sol. (B) : When photon of light energy falls on

chlorophyll molecule, one of the electrons pair from

ground or single state passes into higher energy

level called excited single state.

Ex.5 The synthesis of ATP in photosynthesis and

respiration is essentially an oxidation-reduction

process involving removal of energy from

Or

Which one is always transferred in redox reaction

(A) Oxygen (B) Phytochrome

(C) Cytochrome (D) Electrons

Sol. (D)

Ex.6 Manganese and Chlorine is required in

(A) Nucleic acid synthesis

(B) Plant cell wall formation

(C) Photolysis of water during photosynthesis

(D) Chlorophyll synthesis

Sol. (C) : The splitting of water during photosynthesis

is called photolysis. Mn and Cl plays important role

in photosynthesis specially light reaction of

photosynthesis in splitting of water.

Ex.7 Stroma in the chloroplasts of higher plant contains

(A) Light-independent reaction enzymes

(B) Light-dependent reaction enzymes

(C) Ribosomes

(D) Chlorophyll

Sol. (A)

Ex.8 Consider the following statements with respect to

photosynthesis

A. The first carbon dioxide acceptor in C4 cycle is

PGA

B. In C3 plants, the first stable product of

photosynthesis during dark reaction is RuBP

C. Cyclic photophosphorylation results in the

formation of ATP

D. Oxygen which is liberated during photosynthesis

comes from water

Of the above statements

(A) A and B alone are correct

(B) A and C alone are correct

(C) C and D alone are correct

(D) B and C alone are correct

(E) B and D alone are correct

Sol. (C)

Ex.9 Excitation of chlorophyll due to light is a

(A) Photooxidation reaction

(B) Endergonic reaction

(C) Thermochemical reaction

(D) Photochemical reaction

Sol. (A)

1. Oxygen which is liberated during photosynthesis

comes from -

(A) Carbon di oxide

(B) Water

(C) Chlorophyll

(D) Phosphoglyceric acid

2. The process of taking in CO2 by plants and releasing

O2 is termed as

(A) Transpiration (B) Respiration

(C) Photosynthesis (D) Endosmosis

3. In plants during the process of photosynthesis

(A) CO2 is taken in

(B) O2 is taken in

(C) CO2 is taken out

(D) O2 is taken in and CO2 is given out

4. In which of the following process, the light energy

is converted into chemical energy

(A) Digestive action (B) Respiration

(C) Photosynthesis (D) Fermentation

5. The dark reaction in photosynthesis is called so

because

(A) It can only occur in dark

(B) It does not require light

(C) None of these

(D) Both (A) & (B)

6. The law of limiting factor for photosynthesis was

given by :–

(A) R. Hill (B) Krebs

(C) Calvin (D) Blackman

7. Beside water and light which is more essential as a

raw material for food formation

(A) CO2 (B) O2

(C) NADP (D) Mineral salts

8. If the CO2 content of the atmosphere is as high as

300 parts per million -

(A) All plants would be killed

(B) The plants would not grow properly

(C) Plants would grow for some time and then die.

(D) The plants would thrive well

9. The isotope of carbon used extensively for studies

in photosynthesis :–

(A) C13 (B) C14

(C) C15 (D) C16

10. Which is the evidence to show that oxygen released

in photosynthesis comes from water :–

(A) Isotopic oxygen (O18) supplied as H2O appears

in the O2 released in photosynthesis.

(B) Activated chloroplast in water released O2 if

supplied potassium ferrocyanide or some other

reducing agent in the absence of CO2.

(C) Photosynthetic bacteria use H2S and CO2 to make

carbohydrates, H2O and sulphur.

(D) All of the above.

11. The path of CO2 in the dark reactions of

photosynthesis was sucessfully traced by the use

of the following :–

(A) O2

18 (B) C 1 4O2

(C) P32 (D) X - rays

12. Discovery of Emerson effect has already shown the

existence of :–

(A) Two distinct photosystems

(B) Light and dark reactions of photosynthesis

(C) Photophosphorylation

(D) Photorespiration

13. During the process of photosynthesis the raw

materials used are :–

(A) Glucose (B) Chlorophyll

(C) Starch (D) CO2 and H2O

14. Products of photosynthesis are :–

(A) Carbon dioxide and food material

(B) Carbohydrates and oxygen

(C) Carbon dioxide and oxygen

(D) Formaldehyde and nitrogen

15. Name the scientist, who first pointed out that plants

purify foul air by bell jar experiment.

(A) Willstatter (B) Robert Hooke

(C) Priestley (D) Iean Senebier

Exercise # 1 SINGLE OBJECTIVE NEET LEVEL

1. Photosynthesis is

(A) Oxidative, exergonic, catabolic

(B) Redox-reaction, endergonic, anabolic

(C) Reductive, exergonic, anabolic

(D) Reductive, endergonic, catabolic

2. What is photosynthetic quotient?

(A) O2 /CO2 (B) CO2 /O2

(C) O2 / Starch (D) Water / starch

3. Which of the following carries out non-oxygenic

photosynthesis?

(A) Cyanobacteria (B) Crab grass

(C) Bacteria (D) Wheat plant

4. Wavelength of light responsible for Emerson's

enhancement effect :–

(A) only 680 nm

(B) only 680 nm

(C) infra red wavelength

(D) Both 680 nmand

680 nm

5. The "red - drop" phenomenon is due to the

disruption of the photo chemical activity of

(A) PS - I (B) PS-I & PS-II both

(C) PS - II (D) Carotenoids

6. True for photosynthesis :-

(A) Oxidation of CO2 and reduction of H2O

(B) process which connects the biotic and abiotic

world

(C) Exergonic process

(D) Oxidation of Glucose

7. Which of the following order is correct about the

rate of photosynthesis?

(A) Blue > yellow > orange > red

(B) Blue > red > yellow > orange

(C) Red > blue > yellow > orange

(D) Yellow > orange > blue > red

8. The product of hill reaction are :–

(A) ATP and NADPH2 in chloroplast

(B) ATP and NADPH2 in mitochondria

(C) Only oxygen

(D) A reduced substance NADPH2 , ATP and O2 in

chloroplast

9. Which of the following is excited molecule during

photosynthesis :–

(A) Chlorophyll (B) Oxygen

(C) Carbondioxide (D) Water

10. During ionisation of H2O, H+ is captured by

(A) Chlorophyll (B) NADP

(C) O2 (D) Cytochrome

11. At the time of ionization of H2O, which initially

captures the electron

(A) Chlorophyll (B) NADP

(C) OH– (D) Cytochrome

12. Fixation of 1 CO2 requires :–

(A) 6NADPH2 & 3ATP (B) 2NADP.H2 & 3ATP

(C) 4 NADP.H2 & 3ATP (D) 5 NADP.H2 & 3ATP

13. During ATP synthesis electron pass through

(A) Water (B) Cytochromes

(C) O2 (D) CO2

14. Which pigment system ultimately donates e– for the

reduction of NADP.

(A) PS II (B) PS I

(C) CO2 (D) Plastoquinone

15. Respiration and photosynthesis both require

(A) Green cells (B) Sunlights

(C) Cytochromes (D) Organic fuel

16. Photosynthesis is an oxidation reduction process,

the materials that is oxidised is

(A) CO2 (B) NADP

(C) H2O (D) PGA

17. Element which helps in electron transport in the

process of photosynthesis is

(A) Zinc (B) Molybdenum

(C) Boron (D) Mangnese

18. Photo - oxidation of chlorophyll is called

(A) Intensification (B) Chlorosis

(C) Solarization (D) Defoliation

Exercise # 2 SINGLE OBJECTIVE AIIMS LEVEL

1. Match Column-I with Column-II and select the correct option from the codes given below.

Column - I Column - II

A. C4 plants i. Succulents

B. Chlorophyll b ii. Accessory photosynthetic pigment

C. PS II iii. Photo-oxidation of H2O

D. CAM iv. Kranz anatomy

(A) A-iv, B-ii, C-iii, D-i (B) A-iii, B-ii, C-iv, D-i (C) A-i, B-iii, C-ii, D-iv (D) A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv

2. Match Column - I with Column - II and select the correct option from the codes given below.

A.C3 plants i. Kalanchoe, Opuntia

B. C4 plants ii. Maize, sugarcane

C. CAM plants iii. Helianthus

A B C

(A) ii iii i

(B) i ii iii

(C) iii ii i

(D) i iii ii

3. Which of the following with respect to early experiments of photosynthesis is wrongly matched

(A) Joseph Priestley – Showed that plants release O2

(B) Jan Ingenhousz – Showed that sunlight is essential for photosynthesis

(C) Julius von Sachs – Proved that plants produce glucose when they grow

(D) T.W. Engelmann – Showed that the green substance is located within special bodies in plant

(E) Cornelius van Net – Showed that hydrogen reduces CO2 to carbohydrates

4. Match the following and choose the correct combination from the options given

Column - I Column - II

A. Visible light i. 0.1 to 1 nm

B. Ultraviolet ii. 400 to 700 nm

C. X-Rays iii. Longer than 740 nm

D. Infrared iv. 100 to iv00 nm

v. 0.1 nm

(A) A-i, B-iii, C-iv, D-v (B) A-iii, B-ii, C-i, D-v (C) A-iv, B-iii, C-ii, D-i (D) A-ii, B-iv, C-i, D-iii

(E) A-v, B-iv, C-iii, D-ii

5. Match the sites in column I with the processes in column II and choose the correct combination from the options

Column I Column II

A. Grana of chloroplast i. Kreb’s cycle

B. Stroma of chloroplast ii. Light reaction

C. Cytoplasm iii. Dark reaction

D. Mitochondrial matrix iv. Glycolysis

(A) A-iv, B-iii, C-ii, D-i (B) A-i, B-ii, C-iv, D-iii (C) A-ii, B-i, C-iii, D-iv (D) A-iii, B-iv, C-i, D-ii

(E) A-ii, B-iii, C-iv, D-i

6. Select the incorrect matched pair with regard to C4 cycle

(A) Primary CO2 fixation product – PGA

(B) Site of initial carboxylation – Mesophyll cells

(C) Primary CO2 acceptor – PEP

(D) C4 plant –Maize

(E) Location of enzyme RuBisCO – Bundle sheath cells

Exercise # 3 PART - 1 MATRIX MATCH COLUMN

1. Photochemical reactions in the chloroplast are directly

involved in : [CBSE AIPMT 2000]

(A) Formation of phosphoglyceric acid

(B) Fixation of carbon dioxide

(C) Synthesis of glucose and starch

(D) Photolysis of water and phosphorylation of

ADP to ATP

2. Fixation of one CO2 molecule through Calvin cycle

requires [CBSE AIPMT 2000]

(A) 1 ATP and 2NADPH2

(B) 2 ATP and 2NADPH2

(C) 3 ATP and 2NADPH2 (D) 2 ATP and 1NADPH2

3. The first step of photosynthesis is

[CBSE AIPMT 2000]

(A) Excitation of electron of chlorophyll by a photon

of light

(B) Formation of ATP

(C) Attachment of CO2 to 5 carbon sugar

(D) Ionisation of water

4. How many turns of Calvin cycil yield one molecule

of glucose ? [CBSE AIPMT 2000]

(A) 8 (B) 2

(C) 6 (D) 4

5. Which pair is wrong : - [CBSE AIPMT 2001]

(A) C3 – Maize

(B) C4 – Kranz anatomy

(C) Calvin cycle - PGA

(D) Hatch and Slake cycle ? O.A.A.

6. Which pigment system inactivated in red drop : -

[CBSE AIPMT 2001]

(A) PS-I and P.S-II (B) PS – I

(C) PS – II (D) None

7. In Photosynthesis energy from light reaction to dark

reaction is transferred in the form of : -

[CBSE AIPMT 2002]

(A) ADP (B) ATP

(C) RUDP (D) Chlorophyll

8. Which of the following absorb light energy for photosynthesis

: - [CBSE AIPMT 2002]

(A) Chlorophyll (B) Water molecule

(C) O2 (D) RUBP

9. Which element is located at the centre of the porphyrin

ring in chlorophyll : -[CBSE AIPMT 2003]

(A)Manganese (B) Calcium

(C) Magnesium (D) Potassium

10. Which one of the following is wrong in relation to

photorespiration : - [CBSE AIPMT 2003]

(A) It is a characteristic of C3 - plants

(B) It occurs in chloroplasts

(C) It occurs in daytime only

(D) It is a characteristic of C4 -plants

11. In sugarcane plant 14CO2 is fixed in malic acid, in

which the enzyme that fixes CO2 is :-

[CBSE AIPMT 2003]

(A) Fructose phosphatase

(B) Ribulose biphosphate carboxylase

(C) Phosphoenol pyruvic acid carboxylase

(D) Ribulose phosphate kinase

12. Which fractions of the visible spectrum of solar radiations

are primarily absorbed by carotenoids of

the higher plants : - [CBSE AIPMT 2003]

(A) Violet and blue (B) Blue and green

(C) Green and red (D) Red and violet

13. Chlorophyll in chloroplasts is located in :-

[CBSE AIPMT 2004]

(A) Outer membrane (B) Inner membrane

(C) Thylakoids (D) Stroma

14. Plants adapted to low light intensity have :-

[CBSE AIPMT 2004]

(A) Larger photosynthetic unit size than the sun

plants

(B) Higher rate of CO2 fixation than the sun plants

(C) More extended root system

(D) Leaves modified to spines

15. In C3 -plants, the first stable product of photosynthesis

during the dark reaction is :-

[CBSE AIPMT 2004]

(A) Malic acid

(B) Oxaloacetic acid

(C) 3-phosphoglyceric acid

(D) Phosphoglyceraldehyde

Exercise # 4 PART - 1 PREVIOUS YEAR (NEET/AIPMT)

1. A plant is provided with ideal conditions for photosynthesis and supplied with isotope 14CO2. When the products

of the process are analysed carefully, what would be the nature of products?

(A) Both glucose and oxygen are normal. (B) Both glucose and oxygen are labelled.

(C) Only glucose is labelled and oxygen is normal (D) Only oxygen is labelled but glucsoe is normal.

2. Chromatophores take part in

(A) movement (B) respiration (C) photosynthesis (D) growth

3. Carbon dioxide is necessary for photosynthesis. The chemical used to remove this gas most effectively from

entering a control apparatus is

(A) calcium oxide (B) distilled water

(C) potassium hydroxide solution (D) sodium carbonate.

4. Anoxygenic photosynthesis is characteristic of

(A) Rhodospirillum (B) Spirogyra (C) Chlamydomonas (D) Ulva

5. Which of the following statements is correct?

(A) The core of cilium or flagellum is the basal body

(B) Elaioplasts store starch whereas aleuroplasts store proteins.

(C) Membranous extensions into the cytoplasm in cyanobacteria which contain pigments are called chromatophores.

(D) Acrocentric chromosomes have only one arm.

6. Which of the following with respect to early experiments of photosynthesis is wrongly matched?

(A) Joseph Priestley – Showed that plants relase O2

(B) Jan Ingenhousz – Showed that sunlight is essential for photosynthesis

(C) Julius von Sachs – Proved that plants produce glucose when they grow.

(D) T.W. Engelmann – Showed that the green substance is located within special bodies in plants

(E) Cornelius van Niel – Showed that hydrogen reduces CO2 to carbohydrates

7. In photosynthesis, the light-independent reactions take place at

(A) photosystem II (B) stromal matrix (C) thylakoid lumen (D) photosystem I

8. Chlorophyll molecules are located in the

(A) thylakoid membrane (B) thylakoid lumen

(C) stroma (D) inner chloroplast membrane

9. Emerson’s enhancement effect and Red drop have been instrumental in the discovery of

(A) photophosphorylation and cyclic electron transport

(B) oxidative phosphorylation

(C) photophosphorylation and non-cyclic electron transport

(D) two photosystems operating simultaneously

10. Match the following.

A. Chlorophyll a (i) yellow

B. Chlorophyll b (ii) bright or blue green

C. Xanthophyll (iii) yellow - yellow orange

D. Carotenoids (iv) yellow green

(A) A-(ii), B-(iv), C-(i), D-(iii) (B) A-(iii), B-(iv), C-(ii), D-(i)

(C) A-(iv), B-(iii), C-(ii), D-(i) (D) A-(iv), B-(ii), C-(i), D-(iii)

(E) A-(iv), B-(i), C-(iii), D-(ii)

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